Show 64 - Supernova in the East III
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摘要
Japan's rising sun goes supernova and engulfs a huge area of Asia and the Pacific. A war without mercy begins to develop infusing the whole conflict with a savage vibe.
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中英文字稿 
您即将听到的是关于亚太战区第二次世界大战的多部分系列中的第三部分。如果您不介意从中间开始听故事，而且还没听过前几部分，那么这是一个很好的起点。如果您喜欢有背景和上下文的故事，那么您可能需要先补上前两期内容。如果您已经听过前两期，那么欢迎来到期待已久的第三部分，抱歉让您久等了。之所以等这段时间是因为我写了一本书。如果您想了解更多，请访问我们的网站，快速跳到本期节目的结尾，或者自然地听到那里。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
What you're about to hear is part three of a multi-part series on the Second World War in the Asia-Pacific Theater. If you don't mind your story starting in the middle and you haven't heard the first couple of editions, well, this is a perfect place to start. If you like your stories with the background and the context and all that, well, you might want to catch up on the first two shows. If you already caught up on the first two shows, well, welcome to the long-awaited, sorry about that, part three. Part of the reason it's a little long-awaited is I wrote a book. If you want to find out more about it, go to our website, fast-forward to the end of this show, or just wait till you get there naturally.
在此期间，《东方超新星》第三部分。1941年12月7日，这一天载入史册，是一个将被人永远铭记的日子。这是人类的一小步，却是人类的一大步。这些事件和人物，不完全符合人类道德的标准。在这个时空，我为“我是一个小提琴手”的言语感到自豪。这是戏剧性的时刻：戈尔巴乔夫先生，把这堵墙推倒。这是对深刻问题的审视：我欢迎这种调查，因为人们需要知道他们的总统是否是个骗子。好吧，我不是个骗子。如果我们深入挖掘我们的历史和信条，记住我们不是胆小懦弱者的后代。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
In the meantime, Supernova in the East, part three. December 7th, 1941. It's history. A date which will live in infamy. That's one small step for man. The events. One giant leap for mankind. The figures. Not quite to the moral master of the humanity. From this time and place. I take pride in the words, Ich bin ein violiner. The drama. Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this world. The deep questions. I welcome this kind of examination, because people have got to know whether or not their president's a crook. Well, I'm not a crook. If we dig deep in our history and our doctrine, and remember that we are not descended from fearful men.
人们常常认为可以从历史中汲取教训，但在处理具体情况时，这种想法不太可靠。原因之一是，我们倾向于选择那些符合自身偏见的例子来支持我们欣赏的行为。例如，我们都习惯于赞美坚定不屈的态度、力量和勇于面对挑战的精神，比如我们喜欢丘吉尔式的与邪恶对抗。我们从1938年的慕尼黑事件中了解到不能姑息独裁者，这种力量的理念常常被视为历史教训的重要部分。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
One of the reasons you can't put much trust in the idea of the lessons of history, especially when it applies to specific situations, is that we human beings see the sorts of behaviors that we admire, and then we choose the examples that fit our bias. So, for example, we all have this tendency to celebrate resolute defiance and strength and willingness to confront things like, you know, we like our Churchillian confrontation with evil. The ideas, the ideas, the strong ideas of we learned from 1938 in Munich that you can't appease dictators. You know, this idea of strength is much lauded in the lessons of history.
我们从未真正汲取相反的教训，即使这可以被视为一种教训。而这个教训是，有时候我们可能会认为应该为某个在政府中向对手屈服、投降、求饶的人竖立一座雕像。我提到这一点是因为，如果当时日本的领导层中，包括天皇在内，有人能这样做，那么他就能拯救国家免受历史上最严重的灾难。然而，试想一下，要在那种情况下想象有人会采取这样的行动是多么不可能。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
But we never take the opposite lesson, assuming that this is some kind of lesson, to heart. And that's that sometimes one might suspect it would be worth putting a statue up to somebody in a government that caved in to his adversaries, that submitted, that cried uncle. The reason I bring that up is because if you could have found somebody in the Japanese leadership, and that may have included the emperor, who would have done something like that, he would have saved his country from the worst disaster it ever had. And yet, think of how impossible it is to imagine a person in that situation doing that.
我们之所以投入大量时间研究日本政府的发展问题，是因为1941年12月7日发生的事件显示了其严重的失败。在最糟糕的方式上。引用世界上97%的历史学家的观点，这被认为是最糟糕的决定之一，海军历史学家克雷格·L·西蒙斯称珍珠港事件是战争史上最鲁莽和不负责任的决定之一。之所以说鲁莽和不负责任，是因为这个日本战争计划成功的可能性非常小。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
One of the reasons we spend so much time, and everybody else does, on the dysfunctional development of the Japanese government is because this December 7th, 1941 incident is where it fails. In the worst possible way. I mean, to quote one of, well, 97% of the historians of the world who think this is the, like one of the worst decisions ever, naval historian Craig L. Simons called the attack at Pearl Harbor, one of the most reckless and irresponsible decisions in the history of warfare. And the reason it's reckless and irresponsible is because the chances of success in this Japanese war plan are so small.
我的意思是，什么时候这种冒险是可以接受的？如果你考虑的是冒整个国家的风险，那么什么时候成本与收益的比例才对你有利呢？我常常想，如果德国在二战中获胜，现代德国人的生活会比现在好多少？他们会像卡戴珊家族那样生活奢华，还是只会比原来略好一些呢？到底有多少好处真正传递到了普通人的生活中，以对冲你可能会输掉战争的风险呢？
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I mean, when are these gambles okay? If you're talking about risking an entire country, right? When is the cost-to-benefit ratio lining up all right for you? I often wonder how much better life would be for the average German today if, you know, Germany had won the war in the Second World War. Are they all living like Kardashians today, or are they mildly better off than they would be anyway, right? How much of this actually filters down to the average person as a sort of a counterbalance to balance out the risk that you're taking that you might lose the war?
如果看看1914年德国的风险，当他们进军比利时时，以为英国不会介入，但第一次世界大战还是爆发了。不管你怎么说，这个决定是个可怕的风险，因为它不仅导致了一战，还导致了战间时期、纳粹的崛起以及二战的发生，这真是一场灾难。但是德国在那场战争中有一定的胜算。理论上，他们在战争的最后一年可能会赢。所以，尽管这是个糟糕的决策，但与日本的决定仍有巨大差异。日本的决定同样可能导致灾难性后果，如果输了，但他们获胜的几率要小得多。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
If you look at Germany's risk in 1914, when they march into Belgium, assuming that the British won't get involved and World War I breaks out anyway, say what you want, and it's a horrible risk because it doesn't just lead to World War I, but the interwar years, the rise of Nazis in World War II, I mean, it's a disaster. But Germany had a decent chance in that war. They could have won it, theoretically, in the last year of the conflict. So as bad of a decision as that was, it's worlds apart from the Japanese decision, which has just as much in the way of cataclysmic ramifications if you lose, but your chances of winning are so much smaller.
你们这些龙与地下城的粉丝们，要想象一下分位数骰子，有97或以上的几率，日本会以任何方式脱身。好了，让我们来回顾一下，假设你去了一个虚构的“日本乐观主义者协会”，想象一下军队和海军中的那些人，他们戴着最乐观的眼镜，思考他们能够赢得这场战争的多种方式。我们已经讨论过第一个方案，那就是在珍珠港事件之后，他们会迅速扩张，占领一个圆形区域，类似于一个鸡蛋的形状，涵盖所有让他们自给自足的资源。然后，他们会对这一地区进行全面的防御，使得对手不得不在类似于一战西线战壕的岛屿、群岛环境中夺回这些区域，在他们乐观的观点中，这也会包括一张空中掩护的网络。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
You want to think percentile dice, you Dungeons & Dragons fans? 97 or above Japanese come out of this in any way, shape, or form. Okay. Let's review, shall we, their, you know, if you go to the Japanese Optimist Society, that the military, I made this up, but they, you know, imagine the most rose-colored glasses of the Army and Navy guys, and they're thinking about the multiple ways that they could win this war. We already talked about the first one, and that's going to come into play right after Pearl Harbor, and that is the idea that they are going to explode across the region, take over a whole, you know, think about a circular area, sort of roughly kind of like an egg, maybe, that encompasses all the resources they need to be self-sufficient, and then they're going to fortify it all and make the other side take it back in what would be, in their minds, if you're the rose-colored glasses-wearing optimists here, an island, an archipelago version of the First World War Western Front Trenches that would also include a web of air cover, as the Japanese see it.
翻译成中文并表达意思：
首先，我们把一切都拿走，然后迫使你们把一切都夺回来。在这一过程中，日本人希望最大化他们认为自己相较于对方拥有的少数优势之一，那就是士气。我们在整个系列的一开始就谈到了那些战后几十年仍然留在岛上的日本人。你如何利用这一点来赢得胜利呢？这种占领这些岛屿、加固防御、然后让盟军一个个夺回去的策略就是在最大化这个优势。因为你假设，在面对为了这些太平洋上小小的沙洲失去大量人力的情况下，对方会比你更快地感到疲惫。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So, number one is we take it all, and we make you take it all back, and this is where, by the way, the Japanese hope to maximize one of the few advantages they have as they see it over the other side, and that is morale. We started off this entire series talking about these Japanese people who stayed on the islands decades after the war was over. How do you leverage that into winning somehow? Well, this strategy of occupying these islands, fortifying them, and then making the Allies take them back, well, that's maximizing them, right? Because you're assuming they're going to get tired of losing people for these little sandy atolls in the Pacific more quickly than you are.
现在，第二种日本可能获胜的方式是，如果你是乐观派，那就是轴心国赢得战争。也就是说，如果德国获胜，事情可能会全面改变。不过值得一提的是，就在珍珠港事件发生的同时，苏联红军正在集结军队，准备在莫斯科进行大反攻，这次反攻将改变欧洲战场的局势。所以这时候的时机再糟糕不过了。就在我们开始意识到德国很可能不会赢得战争的同时，也就是差不多我们现在所处的这个时间段。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Now, number two possible way that the Japanese win here, if you're in the optimist room, the Axis wins the war. I mean, if the Germans win, then maybe everything changes. It should be noted, by the way, that as Pearl Harbor is happening, the Soviet Union's Red Army are mustering their forces for the big counterattack at Moscow that will change the entire complexion of the war in Europe. So the timing on this could not be worse. Right as we're finding out that, hey, Germany's probably not going to win the war, is basically right around the same time period we're at right now.
最后，第三点，也是日本赢得这场战争的最有趣方式，就是关于泛亚洲主义的想法。如果这种被很多日本领导人视为一种公关营销工具的理念——当然，也有人真的相信它——真的开始流行起来，会发生什么？还记得这是什么吗？在那个时期，除了日本和少数几个例外地区外，整个亚洲都处于殖民统治之下，或者像菲律宾这样虽然不是官方殖民地，但与美国有从属关系的地方。可以这么说吧，想象一下，在这些地区存在着大量的愤怒。而这些人从未有机会在军事上与西方殖民者对抗。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Finally, number three, and this is the most interesting way that Japan wins this war somehow, is what happens if this pan-Asianism idea that, you know, a lot of the Japanese leadership sort of sees as a more PR marketing tool, although some really believe it. But what if that catches on? Remember what that is? All of Asia in this time period, with the exception of Japan and, you know, one or two scant other places, are colonial possessions or places like the Philippines that aren't officially colonies, but have a relationship with the United States that's subordinate. Let's put it that way. There is a lot of anger, as you might imagine, seething in these areas. And these peoples have never been able to confront the Western colonizers in any sort of military sense.
但这里有一个来自亚洲的力量，它可以做到，并且至少从宣传材料来看，暗示他们正是在这么做。在日本乐观主义者美好的玫瑰色梦想中，他们看到整个亚洲的人们在日本的旗帜和领导下崛起，团结一心。然而，如果这些事情没有发生，日本就会像温斯顿·丘吉尔所说的那样，被磨成粉末。更准确的比喻是被烧成灰烬。而唯一可能拯救他们的人，可能是最后一刻站出来说“投降”的人，当时已经没有真正的选择了。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
But here's a power from Asia that can, and that at least with the marketing material is suggesting that that's exactly what they're doing. In the fantastic rose-colored glasses dreams of the optimists in Japan, they see a giant rising of all of the peoples of Asia, you know, to sort of rally to Japan's banner and leadership. But if those things don't happen, Japan is going to be, as Winston Churchill said, ground to powder. A better metaphor, if you want to be more accurate, would be burnt to cinders. And the only person who perhaps could have saved them would have been somebody who stood up and said at the last minute when there were no real options, uncle.
我们不会为那些向敌人屈服的人立雕像，即便他们这样做是为了拯救整个社会。公平地说，人们一直认为这正是天皇在结束战争中所扮演的角色。当然，关于这一点我们稍后会详细讨论。然而，天皇勇敢地说出“够了”这句话，作为唯一一个有能力这样做的人。但在东京战争罪行审判中，调查人员想了解的是，如果他在战争结束时有这样的权力，为什么不在战争爆发前就加以利用呢？
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And we don't put statues up to people that give in to our enemies, even if they save our entire society by doing so. Now, in all fairness, people have always made the argument that this is exactly the role the emperor eventually played in ending the war. More on that later, of course. But that he bravely, as the only person who really could, said enough. But investigators looking into these things at the Tokyo war crimes trials wanted to know that if he had the power to do that at the end of the war, why didn't he use it before the war broke out?
这就是回到日本政府运作不良的原因所在。别忘了，暗杀在历史上曾被用作一种工具，用来阻止那些被认为不够爱国的思想被公开表达。实际上，在日本历史上，有一个时期被历史学家称为“暗杀政治”，极端势力在这个时期主导了社会运作。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And that's when you get back to the whole dysfunctional Japanese government and all the reasons it was. Let's not forget, for example, about assassinations and how much of a tool to prevent thinking that wasn't patriotic enough from being publicly expounded upon. I mean, there was a period in Japanese history that we talked about where historians sometimes call it government by assassination. And it was the most extreme in Japanese society sort of driving the bus, if you will.
请记住，当时日本在某种程度上跟随了当时纳粹德国和苏联的趋势，那就是对任何形式的异议或不符合政党路线的行为越来越不容忍。而极端的爱国主义成了一种新的最低标准，必须对国家保持毫无疑问的忠诚。在此之前的至少十年间，日本一直在清除左翼人士、无政府主义者以及那些批评政府的人。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And remember, Japan was following the trend of places like Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, where any sort of dissent or not towing the party line was less and less accepted. And super patriotism was sort of the new minimum standard allowable. And unquestioning loyalty to the state was required. And Japan had spent at least the decade previous to this sort of purging itself of leftists and anarchists and people that wrote bad things about the government.
那些没有坐牢或被监视的人也被吓住了。所以，当12月7日到来的时候，那些可能站出来反对自杀式决定的声音实际上并不具备这样的条件。而且我们得记住，这个故事中的几乎每个国家都有相当比例的公民相信“我的国家，无论对错”这样的说法。要注意的是，在日本，人们不仅可能比大多数人更坚定地相信这句话，其中相当一部分人还相信他们的天皇是活着的神。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And the ones who weren't in prison or under surveillance were cowed. So the voices that might get up and speak against suicidal decisions aren't really in a position to do that by the time December 7th rolls around. And let's remember, almost every country in this story has a nice proportion of its citizens who believe that phrase, my country right or wrong. Well, remember, in Japan, they not only believe that phrase probably at higher levels than most people, a significant chunk of them believe that their emperor is a living god.
所以，如果你想要在国家被视为一个活生生的神时获得不容置疑的忠诚，你可以把普通被认为是好的爱国主义提升到极致，甚至达到过度爱国的地步，这可能会具有破坏性。不过，我们也要记住，有时候需要类似超级爱国者这样的人，比如在第二次世界大战中，我们在美国称其为狂热分子，他们愿意为国家、天皇或者他们的信仰而献身，甚至会驾驶飞机撞向敌舰，希望能在战争努力中带来一丝改变。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So if you want to sort of have unquestioning loyalty in the state, when the state is a living god, you can just ratchet that, you know, normal level of patriotism that most people think is good, way up to 11 off into super patriot land when it can become destructive. But of course, let's remember, it takes somebody like a super patriot sometimes, or as we said in the Second World War here in the United States, a fanatic, to be willing to kill themselves diving their aircraft into an enemy ship in the hopes of making any little difference in the war effort for their country or their emperor or their beliefs.
从人性的角度来看，这些信念非常有趣。有一本很棒的书叫《战争中的日本》，是由Haruku Taya Cook和Theodore F. Cook撰写的口述历史。这本书通过日本人的声音讲述了各种不同的事情。在书的引言中提到，有些战时用语实际上仅在战时使用过，但因为没有其他词能够描述这些情况，所以它们在采访中被提到了。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And the beliefs are interesting from a really human standpoint. There's a great book called Japan at War, an oral history by Haruku Taya Cook and Theodore F. Cook that is an oral history with Japanese voices talking about all these different kinds of things. And the introduction talks about how there are certain wartime phrases that were really only used in wartime, but they came out in the interviews because there's nothing else that describes them.
我对这些人为什么参战感兴趣。因为在这个时期的每支军队中，有很多都是被征召入伍的士兵。他们中有很多人是因为不得不去，或者是因为身边的人都去了，并没有过多考虑参战的理由。然而，也有很多人，特别是那些超级爱国者，他们非常坚定，对自己所做的事情及其原因有深入的思考。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And I was interested in why some of these people fought. Because like every army during this period, there's a lot of conscripts. There's a lot of people that go because they have to or because everyone else is going who don't think too much about the causes. But there's a lot of these people, and especially the super patriots, the ones who feel very strongly, who have thought deeply about what they're doing and why.
我对第一次世界大战期间德国高校教授和第二次世界大战前日本高校教授之间的相似性很感兴趣。可以去读很多相关的书籍，不过最有名的是《西线无战事》。这些书中都提到教授们的影响力，有趣的是，他们与今天常见的“教授用马克思主义和左派思想腐蚀学生、让学生反政府”的刻板印象正好相反。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And I was interested in the similarities between the university and high school professors in Germany in the First World War and in Japan before the Second. If you go read any number of accounts, but All Quiet on the Western Front is the most famous. They all talk about how their professors, it's funny, it's like the opposite of today's stereotype of the Marxist leftist professor that corrupts the young minds that come into the classroom and makes them anti-government.
第一次世界大战前，这些德国的高中教授以激发学生的爱国热情而闻名，他们鼓励学生参军。教授们会问：“你们将为帝国做些什么？” 他们努力让学生们充满爱国激情。在第二次世界大战前，我们可以看到同样的情况发生在日本。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Before the First World War, these German high school professors were famous for whipping their students up into patriotic frenzy, getting them to join the military. What are you going to do for the empire? And getting them all fired up patriotically. And before the Second World War, you see this same dynamic going on in Japan.
在《日本战争与口述历史》这本书中，有一个被引用的人物，他是一个因为理想主义原因而激动不已的年轻人。有趣的是，我们可以看到今天的大学生也会在某种广泛的意义上被某些事情激励到这样。这个学生名叫野地晴道，他谈到自己曾被一位教授激励过。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And in the book Japan at War and Oral History, one of the people that they quote is one of these young people who gets fired up for idealistic reasons that, you know, it's funny, you could see college students getting fired up about today in a broad sense. The student's name is Noji Harumichi, and he talks about getting fired up by a professor.
引用：真正让我对殖民主义感到愤慨的人是漫村长介教授。他是日本大学殖民经济学系的创始人兼主任，这是我们称为"日大"的私立大学。他在课堂上会说，我去过上海，那里的标牌上写着：“华人与狗不得入内”。我还去过南太平洋，那是一个完全被白人控制的地区。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Quote, The man who really got me all stirred up about colonialism was Professor Aimamura Chosuke. He was the founder and head of the Department of Colonial Economics at Nihon University, the private college we called Nichidai. He'd say in class, I've been to Shanghai, where signs say, Dogs and yellow people, no entry. I've been to the South Seas, an area controlled entirely by the white man.
他会问我们，你们打算怎么推翻这个结构？他曾在美国留学，是一位时事教授，但他把精力投入到像这样的激励演讲中。我对他的感觉产生了共鸣。我心中满怀行动的渴望。如果有机会，我想上前线，我想去中国，我想亲自做些事情。我们大家都是这么说的。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
He'd ask us, What are you going to do to knock down this structure? He had studied in America and was a professor of current events, but he devoted himself to rousing speeches like this. My feelings resonated with him. I burned with a desire to act. Given an opportunity, I want to go to the front. I want to go to China. I want to do something myself. That's what we all said.
他继续说，这让我们了解到了那些充满激情的人，特别是年轻的理想主义者，可能对他们所学到的东西有什么样的感受。引述：“美国和英国殖民中国多年，而日本较迟才加入。中国当时是一个落后的国家。在1931年的九一八事变时，我们认为日本应该出去，用日本的技术和领导力让中国变得更好。战场上实际发生的事情当时都是秘密，但我确信大东亚共荣圈对落后种族来说至关重要。日本和德国只需联手，就能打破盎格鲁-撒克逊人对亚洲的控制并重新分配这些殖民地。这就是我们当时的感觉。”结束引述。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
He continued, and this gives us an idea of how some of the passionate people, you know, on the other side, especially the young idealists might have felt given what they were being taught. Quote, America and Britain had been colonizing China for many years. Japan came to this late. China was such a backward nation. At the time of the Manchurian incident in 1931, we felt Japan should go out there and use Japanese technology and leadership to make China a better country. What was actually happening on the battlefield was all secret then, but I felt sure that the greater East Asia co-prosperity spear would be of crucial importance to the backward races. Japan and Germany would only have to combine forces to break the Anglo-Saxon hold on Asia and redistribute the colonies. That's how we felt then. End quote.
如果你比较一下为什么一个人认为他们要去参战，和比如说美国人在朝鲜或越南觉得他们要参战的原因，会发现很有趣。有些人出于高尚的目的去那里，我认识这样的人，他们去那里是因为觉得自己在帮别人维持 或者争取自由，对吧？我们冒着流血牺牲的风险，不是为了自己的战略利益，而是真正去帮助那些人。这几乎是一种仁慈的使命。当然，大家都知道，一旦你到了战场，看到实际情况后，这种仁慈的使命听起来就很不一样了。但激励一个人参与这种事情的动力，有时确实是最理想化和高尚的原因。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
It's interesting if you compare why that person thinks they're going to go off and fight to why, say, Americans in Korea or in Vietnam felt like they were going off to fight. A high-minded, you know, I knew people like this who went there because they thought they were helping to keep or to free other people, right? We were risking our own blood and treasure, not for our own strategic interest, but literally to help these other people. It was almost a mission of mercy. Now, as everyone knows, once you get onto the battlefield and see what's going on, ideas like mission of mercy sound very different, but what motivates a person to want to go do these things are sometimes the most idealistic and high-minded reasons.
所以，当日本军队在其他国家的行动方式与他们曾抱有理想主义情感联系的国家发生冲突时，这里就有一种真正的讽刺。在他们的教授激励他们参与到帮助其他黄种人的"圣战"想法中时，他们感到与那些国家深深的情感联系。当时的用词是黄种人、白种人，对吧？现在，让我暂停一下，因为可能看起来我们正在人为地将现代种族讨论注入到这些过去的事件中。换句话说，用这个视角来看待，但事实远非如此。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So there's a real irony there when the Japanese army will go act the way that they act in all these other countries that so many of them felt so idealistically connected to, you know, when their professors whipped them up into the idea of a crusade to help the other yellow peoples. You know, the term of the time, right? The yellow races, the white races. Now, let me pause for a second because it may seem as though we're artificially injecting some of the modern racial discussion into these events from the past. In other words, viewing it through that lens, but nothing could be further from the truth.
你们中的许多人已经阅读过原始资料，所以你们知道我在说什么。这是整个事情的一个重要部分，我指的是种族方面的问题。暂且不谈太平洋、白人和黄种人的问题，我们使用这些术语只是因为当时就是这么说的。但请暂时抛开这些，记住在欧洲发生的事情：那里存在所谓的“主导种族”和“奴隶种族”（比如斯拉夫人和被视为次等人的种族），他们在集中营中被消灭。我是说，这种关于民族、种族、优越和劣等生物的问题，早在这部分世界正式参与第二次世界大战之前，就已经在第二次世界大战中存在了。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Many of you have read the primary sources. You know what I'm talking about. This is a major component of the whole thing. I mean, the racial aspect. Forget about the Pacific and the white man and the yellow man. And we're going to use those terms because that's the terminology of the time. But forget about all of that for a minute and just remember what's going on in Europe, where we have the concept of the master race and slave races like Slavs and Untermenschen who are to be wiped out in camps. I mean, so this whole question of ethnicity and race and superior and inferior beings, this was already going on in the Second World War before this whole part of the world was officially part of the Second World War.
殖民主义的问题由来已久，这是显而易见的。对于那些可能不太了解的人来说，这让美国在整个事务中处于一个非常奇怪的位置。与长期从事殖民活动的英国、法国、荷兰等国家不同，美国在官方立场上是一个反殖民国家，虽然在美西战争期间涉足过殖民主义之路。但是，即使在像菲律宾这样的地方存在类似殖民关系，我们也不会以相同的方式对待它，因为我们认为自己不是一个殖民国家。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And the question of colonialism was longstanding, obviously. And it puts the United States, just for those of you who maybe don't remember, in a very strange position in this whole affair, because unlike Britain, France, the Netherlands and these other countries that have been in the colonial game for a long time, the United States is officially an anti-colonial country, flirted with it during the Spanish-American War. But even when they have a pseudo-colonial relationship in a place like the Philippines, we don't treat it the same way because we have a self-image that says we're not a colonial people.
顺便提一下，日本人也接受了其中的一些营销手段。而且，有时候你会发现，关于二战最有趣的内容往往来自于一些作家。Len Dayton 写了一本关于整场战争的有趣书籍，他提了一个我之前见过但很少有人深思的问题，那就是日本为何要把美国卷入这场战争。他们本可以只打反殖民战争，针对亚洲的殖民国家，而不牵扯到美国，这也许能避免在战争中失败。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And the Japanese, by the way, bought into some of that marketing, too. And, you know, sometimes the most interesting stuff you'll read about the Second World War comes from authors. And Len Dayton, who wrote an interesting book on the whole war, asked a question that I've seen before, but you don't even think about it very much. And that's why the Japanese have to involve the Americans in this at all. They could have been fighting an anti-colonial war against the colonial powers in Asia, left the United States out of it, might have saved themselves a loss in a war.
有很多原因，包括菲律宾等因素，还有美国国内日益增长的反感。他引用了一项民意调查，该调查是在珍珠港事件前两天进行的，显示近70%的美国人希望对日本的扩张采取某种控制措施。而且，美国一直对中国抱有同情，因为中国当时基本上被日本侵略了。所以，不管怎样，事情都在朝着这个方向发展。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Well, there's a lot of reasons, including the Philippines and whatnot, and a growing antipathy in the United States. It was a public opinion poll, he quotes, taken two days before Pearl Harbor that said almost 70% of Americans wanted some sort of controls put on Japan's expansion. And the U.S. always had a soft spot in its heart for China, which was being basically raped by the Japanese. So things were edging towards this point anyway.
这不仅仅是一个肤浅的黄种人与白种人之间的种族战争，因为日本人自身也卷入了这一趋势，我们姑且称之为这一时代关于优越和劣等生物的潮流。就像苏斯博士笔下那些有星星肚子的史尼奇（Sneetches），日本人并不认为他们与被他们“解放”的其他亚洲黄种人——这里“解放”加引号，是指摆脱欧洲殖民统治——是平等的。他们不认为自己与朝鲜人、中国人、马来人或菲律宾人是平等的。在种族和民族上，他们认为自己优于这些同类种族，正如德国人认为自己优于斯拉夫人一样。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
But this is more than a racial war on very simplistic, you know, yellow and white questions, because the Japanese themselves are involved in this, let's call it trend of this era of superior and inferior beings. Dr. Seuss's star-bellied sneetches. The Japanese do not see themselves as the equals of all these yellow peoples in Asia that they are freeing, using my fingers as air quotes, from their European colonial masters. They don't see themselves as the equals of the Koreans, or the Chinese, or the Malays, or the Filipinos. They see themselves as superior to them in a racial and ethnic sense, the same way that the Germans see themselves as superior to the Slavic people.
现在，让我们为整个事件加上一个星号，这样当未来不断谈论它时，我们都会明白，在所有这些国家中，无论是纳粹德国、日本、苏联，还是你能想到的任何国家，总有一些人与当时的主流氛围和政府态度不一致。比如说，在德国就有反纳粹的德国人，他们的房子在轰炸袭击中被炸毁，就像隔壁支持政府的纳粹份子一样。这就是我要始终记住的。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Now, let's put an asterisk next to this whole affair, so that when the time comes to talk about it continually in the future, we'll all understand that within all these countries, and I always try to remember this, whether we're talking about Nazi Germany, or Japan, or the Soviet Union, or, well, any country you can think of, there are people that do not match the tenor of the times, that do not match the attitudes of the country and the government. You know, anti-Nazi Germans in Germany who have to have their house bombed during the bombing raids, just like the Nazi next door, who supported the government every step of the way, right?
有一些日本的人道主义者对这里发生的一切感到非常反感，他们绝不会以这种方式行事。当然，因为我们都被历史的齿轮裹挟，受制于随机性或者所谓的宇宙决定——无论你怎么表达或解释——我们在何时何地出生，这有时让我们避免卷入这样的困境。所以，当我谈论德国或日本时，可能是一种国家的立场，比如德国的"优越种族"观念，但这并不意味着所有德国人都相信这一点，就像并不是所有日本人都相信大和民族的优越性一样。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
There are Japanese humanitarians who hate what's going on here every step of the way and who would never behave like this. And of course, who, because we're all caught up in the gears of history and subject to the randomness or the cosmic decision, however you want to phrase it or put it, of being born when we're born and where we're born, we sometimes avoid such terrible dilemmas. But so let's understand, when I talk about how Germany is, or how Japan is, that may be a national sort of stance, the master race idea in Germany, but it doesn't mean that every German believed in that at all, just like it doesn't believe that every Japanese person believed in the superiority of the Yamato race.
我们之前提到的那个学生的想法实际上是一个光谱，代表了日本对待亚洲其他国家的态度。在这个光谱的一端，就是我们刚刚引用的那个学生，他让亚洲人民，比如中国人，听起来像是美国的原住民或澳大利亚的土著居民。就是说，他们似乎是一些落后、原始的民族。他们只需要一些“文明教育”，就像在美国西部旧时那样：进行基督教化，送他们去印第安学校，给他们洗澡，给他们穿上合适的衣服，摆脱他们从小接触的那些“胡言乱语”。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And that, you know, the idea, as we said from that student, I mean, it's a spectrum, let's call it a spectrum thing of how Japan felt about the rest of Asia. On one end of the spectrum is that student that we just quoted that makes the peoples of Asia, like the Chinese people, sound like Native Americans or aboriginals in Australia. Just, you know, sort of a backwards, primitive people. All they need is some, you know, they would have said in the old west, some Christianizing. We'll send them to some Indian schools, we'll bathe them, we'll dress them up right, we'll, you know, get rid of all that mumbo jumbo they grew up with.
在一个世代交替之中，可以看到一些传统的美国人融入其中。而那个日本学生对中国人有类似看法。他们只需要领导、帮助、技术以及我们的一些价值观和伦理，就能被塑造成我们想要的样子，对吧？这些人只是需要帮助，他们虽然目前有些不足，但可以被改善。这就像是日本版的和平队。他们希望提供帮助。这是一种心态的极端，而在这个光谱的另一端，你会发现一些日本思想家，他们的观念让人联想到纳粹科学家，他们从种族的角度将中国人视为低等、不如人类，从基因上来说是劣等的，至少应该被绝育，甚至可能被消灭。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And in a generational, true, you'll have, you know, good old Americans that blend right in. The Japanese were, that student was feeling similarly about the Chinese. They just need leadership, help, technology, some of our values and ethics. We'll shape them right up, right? We'll help those people. That's one end of the spectrum. That's the one that wants to go help, right? They're still inferior, but they can be fixed. This is a Japanese version of the Peace Corps, my goodness. Then you got all the way over to the opposite end of the spectrum, where you will find these Japanese thinkers who remind you of, like, Nazi scientists, who have a racial view of people like the Chinese as subhuman, genetically inferior, to be sterilized at least, wiped out maybe.
我的意思是，他们是那种我们不妨进行一些实验的人，比如感染一群跳蚤鼠疫然后把它们投放到他们的城市，看看会发生什么。顺便说一下，他们确实这么做过。所以情况很复杂，对吗？但理念是一样的。日本人实际上在进行一场双向的种族战争。一方面是对抗那些自以为优越并几乎占领整个亚洲的白人，另一方面是对抗那些不够格成为日本人的亚洲人，而这些人如果生活在我们的帝国统治下可能会更好。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I mean, they're the kind of people that we might as well just try some experimentation, like infecting a bunch of fleas with the bubonic plague and dropping them over their cities and see what happens, which, by the way, they did. So it runs the gamut, right? But it's the same idea. The Japanese are fighting their own race war on two fronts. One is against these, you know, white folks who think they're so superior and have taken over almost all of Asia. The other is against all these Asians who aren't good enough to be Japanese people, but would be better off, you know, with us running an empire.
从很多殖民地人民的角度来看，他们仿佛是刚脱离了油锅，却又掉进了火坑。对于他们中的很多人来说，从油锅到火坑的转变时刻，大概就和珍珠港遭到轰炸的时间差不多。对我们美国人来说，我自己也包括在内，很容易被夏威夷发生的事情和令人震惊的袭击所吸引，而忽略了这个日本式闪电战在亚洲和太平洋地区同时发生且协调完美的诸多其他方面。这一切在事件开始后的头48到72小时内就已经全面展开。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I mean, from the standpoint of a lot of these colonial peoples, they are being thrown out of the frying pan and into the fire. The transition moment from frying pan to fire, for a lot of these people, will be at about the same time that the bombs are actually dropping on Pearl Harbor. It's easy for Americans, myself included, to get so focused on what's going on in Hawaii and the surprise attack that was so shocking, that we miss the many other aspects of this Japanese blitzkrieg occurring, in many cases simultaneously, and completely coordinated around Asia and the Pacific for the first 48 to 72 hours of this affair.
当珍珠港被轰炸时，日军轰炸机正在前往威克岛的路上，准备在那里进行轰炸。在珍珠港事件发生前数小时，日军在马来亚北部登陆。他们将轰炸菲律宾、关岛、威克岛、中途岛和香港，所有这些行动都在最初的几个小时内完成。他们还会轰炸新加坡，并在新加坡甚至还不知道自己已经参战之前导致61人死亡。这真是令人震惊。日本的军事行动规模令人叹为观止。然而，我们也要提醒自己，日军这种大胆的行为。当时的日本在中国已经陷入多年的泥潭，而中国的地理面积与美国相当。从某种程度上说，他们就像是试图吞下一头大象，却因此窒息。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I mean, at the moment the bombs are falling on Pearl Harbor, there are Japanese bombers in the air en route to Wake Island to bomb there. A couple hours before Pearl Harbor, there are landings of Japanese troops in northern Malaya. They will bomb the Philippines. They will bomb Guam. They will bomb Wake. They will bomb Midway, Hong Kong, all in the first few hours. They will bomb Singapore and kill 61 people before Singapore even knows they're at war. This is astounding. And the scope of Japanese operations is breathtaking. Let's remind ourselves the chutzpah involved here, though. I mean, you could easily describe the Japanese right at the time of Pearl Harbor. Remember, bogged down in China for years now, a country the size. Geographically about of the United States. They are trying to eat an elephant, figuratively speaking, and they're choking on it.
1941年12月7日，他们决定再订购几头大象，这就是他们正在做的事情。如果这是一部电影，而你是编剧，你会喜欢这个创意，因为这就像是在放手一搏。但正如我们之前提到的，成功的几率非常小。然而，日本人正在尽力去最大化这些成功的机会。他们在每个层面都会采取许多措施来弥补自身的不足。在大战略层面，当你选择攻击所有这些比自己更大、工业实力更强、人力资源更多的国家时，你该怎么做呢？
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And on December 7th, 1941, they decide to order a couple more elephants because that's what they're doing here. If this were a movie and you are the person who's writing it, you love this idea because, I mean, this is swinging for the fences, right? But as we said earlier, the chances of success are so small. And yet, the Japanese are trying to maximize those chances. There are a bunch of things they're going to do at every level to try to compensate for their deficiencies. At the grand strategy level, what we're talking about here, when you go attack all these countries that are so much bigger and have more industrial might and more manpower than you, what do you do?
你可以用速度和大胆的策略来迷惑你的对手，给自己带来早期的优势，并抓住机会。想象一下，就像一场职业摔跤比赛，总有这样的场景：冠军选手转过身来，通常是好人，他开始脱掉自己的长袍，但此时并没有注意四周。然后那个小个子选手趁别人不注意，从背后袭击他，在他头上来一击，然后在接下来的五分钟里，四处踢打这个大个子，试图利用这个机会让他昏昏沉沉，直到这个大个子反应过来。这大概就是这里的计划。通过出其不意和大胆的行动，可以在一段时间内让对手困惑和失去方向。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Well, you use things like speed and audacity to disorient your opponent, give you an early edge, take advantage. I mean, think about it like a pro wrestling match, and there's always those matches where the champion turns around, the good guy, and he starts to take off his robe, but he's not looking. And the little guy from behind, when no one is looking, hits him, you know, in the back of the head, and then for the first five minutes, kicks him around and tries to take advantage of making him groggy before the big guy comes to. That's kind of what the plan is here. Surprise and audacity will confuse and disorient an opponent, at least for a while.
可以想象一下，那些珍珠港事件后的第二天早上醒来的美国人，他们打开报纸发现美国已经处于战争状态，而同一份报纸上还写着太平洋舰队的大部分已经被摧毁。这样的消息无疑弥补了一些情报上的不足，不是吗？而且，这还不是日本人唯一的行动。当炸弹落在珍珠港时，日本在亚洲和太平洋各地同时或几乎同时发动了攻击。他们除了利用出其不意的优势之外，还有其他的优势。虽然我们也提到，日本可能发动攻击的想法并不是完全出乎意料，因为人们已经看到了一些运兵船等迹象。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I mean, think about the Americans who wake up the next morning after Pearl Harbor, open up their newspaper to find out that they're at war, and in the very same newspaper, they find out that their Pacific fleet has already been eliminated for the most part. That will compensate for some deficiencies, won't it? And it's not the only thing the Japanese are doing, because when the bombs are falling on Pearl Harbor, as we said, the Japanese are attacking locations all over Asia and the Pacific, if not simultaneously, then near simultaneously. They have advantages in addition to surprise, although, as we said, I mean, the idea that the Japanese were going to attack was not a complete surprise because people had seen troop ships and whatnot.
他们在这方面的能力，以及他们执行任务的效率和速度，特别是如果查看一手资料，会发现他们在航空器和空中力量方面的表现。日本人确实迅速地几乎达到了空中霸权，而这完全出乎意料。另外，有很多出乎意料的事情。如果你翻开温斯顿·丘吉尔的《第二次世界大战史》，这本书更像是他的个人回忆录，你会发现我开始统计他有多少次提到日本人并承认对他们的低估。他总是也提到美国人，把责任稍微分散一下。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
But their ability to do this and carry it out effectively and the speed at which they were doing it, and most importantly, if you read the primary sources, the aircraft and the air power. I mean, the Japanese really established almost air supremacy quickly, and this was unexpected. There were a bunch of unexpected things, by the way. You open up Winston Churchill's History of the Second World War, which is, of course, more like a personal memoir, but it's, I was starting to count how many times he talked about the Japanese and say that we underestimated them. He always threw in the Americans, too, to diffuse the blame a little bit.
我们可以把这个话题与种族主义联系起来。很多资料指出，许多人——英国人在这方面尤其出名——都没有把日本视为一个有能力的对手，因此低估了他们，结果现在正在付出代价。例如，有一款飞机，是美国在这场冲突初期的主要战斗机之一，美国人把它提供给英国和其他一些飞行员。这架飞机叫做Brewster Buffalo。我总喜欢用这个例子，因为我觉得它很好地说明了整个情况。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
We can tie this back sort of, though, into the racism thing, too, and there's so many sources that point out that a lot of these, I mean, the British are famous for it in this particular case, but it affected everyone, where they just didn't see the Japanese as a capable opponent, and because of that, underestimated them, and because of that, are now paying the price. I mean, take, for example, I always use this example, because it's, I think it highlights the whole thing, but there is a plane that will be one of the big fighter planes in the earliest part of this conflict on the American side, and the Americans gave it to the British and some other flyers. It's called the Brewster Buffalo.
这是一架糟糕的飞机，一架糟糕的战斗机。布鲁斯特水牛战斗机之所以被派到太平洋战区，只是因为人们认为它在太平洋上已经足够好。当美国人和英国人碰到日本战斗机时，他们会感到震惊，因为日本战斗机性能非常出色，比如著名的零式战斗机。这也反映了人们对日本人的低估。在二战前，人们对日本人在创新、设计和制造方面的刻板印象是，他们只是模仿者，能根据他人的设计制造出不错的复制品，但无力推出自己的先进设计。因此，当他们遇到这些优于盟军在战区使用的任何战斗机时，简直感到震惊。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
It's a bad plane. It's a bad fighter plane. The only reason that the Brewster Buffalo is here in the Pacific is because it's assumed to be good enough in the Pacific. People like the Americans and the British are going to be shocked when they run into the Japanese fighter planes and how good they are. I mean, the famous Zero, for example. And this goes back to underestimating the Japanese as a people, because the stereotype of them before the Second World War, when it came to things like innovation and design and building, was that they were a kind of a copycat people. That they could build a good replica of some other person's design, but they weren't capable of coming up with their own advanced designs. themselves, which is why when they run into these fighter planes and they are better than anything the Allied powers have in the theater, it's a shock.
为了了解种族主义如何导致日本人被低估，亚瑟·伦·戴顿引用了一些人的话，以显示某些殖民地英国人对当地人的那种轻蔑和优越态度。例如，他引用了前空军元帅罗伯特·布鲁克·波普姆爵士的话，1940年12月，他在指挥整个地区时近距离接触到了日本士兵。戴顿说，波普姆并不看好他们，并引用了这位空军元帅的话：“我透过铁丝网近距离观察到一些身穿脏兮兮灰色制服的低等生物，据说他们是日本士兵。” 戴顿表示，波普姆告诉伦敦的上司们并补充道：“我无法相信他们会组成一支有智慧的战斗部队。”
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
To get an idea of how the racism allows the Japanese to be underestimated, Arthur Len Dayton quotes a number of people to show this sort of sniffy, superior attitude that some colonial British had concerning the locals. And he quotes, for example, Air Chief Marshal, Sir Robert Brooke Popham, who commanded that whole region and had seen Japanese soldiers close up in December 1940. And Dayton says that he didn't think much of them and now quoting the Air Chief Marshal, quote, I had a good close up across the barbed wire of various subhuman specimens dressed in dirty gray uniform, which I was informed were Japanese soldiers. End quote. Dayton says he told his masters in London and then added, quote, I cannot believe they would form an intelligent fighting force. End quote.
戴顿继续说道：“这样的日本低劣印象在英国远东部队中非常普遍，对日本军队更为现实的估计并不受欢迎。” 在1941年4月，英国驻东京的军事随员告知新加坡驻军的军官，他认为日本军队是一支训练有素、指挥良好并具有高度团队精神的一流战斗部队。谈话结束时，马来亚指挥部的负责人莱昂内尔·邦德中将站起来宣布这样的说法“与事实相去甚远。” 他补充说道：“你们可以相信我，我们无需担心他们。” 当英国将军把新加坡总督叫醒，告诉他日本人正在马来亚北部登陆时，总督（根据戴顿的说法）回答说：“好吧，我猜你会把这些小个子赶走。”
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Dayton continues, quote. Such low opinions of the Japanese were prevalent in the British Far Eastern forces. More realistic estimations were not welcomed. In April 1941, the British military attache in Tokyo told officers of the Singapore garrison that he regarded the Japanese army as a first class fighting force, well trained, well officered and possessing high esprit de corps. As the talk ended, Lieutenant General Lionel Bond, head of Malaya command, rose to declare that such talk was, quote, Far from the truth, he added, you can take it from me that we have nothing to fear from them. End quote. When the British general woke up the governor of Singapore to tell him that the Japanese were landing north of them in Malaya, the governor, and this according to Dayton also, was recorded as saying, quote, well, I suppose you'll shove the little men off. End quote. End quote.
所以，你看，我们提到种族主义的问题，并不是为了特别强调种族主义，而是为了说明这帮助解释了为什么日本人被严重低估。如果你看他们是如何控制这个地区的天空，并因此可以做其他事情，你就会好奇，为什么这场战争中那些先进的战斗机没有出现在这个战区？像喷火式战斗机这样的顶尖飞机都去哪了？实际上，它们并没有在这个战区以任何实质性的数量出现。你知道为什么吗？因为它们被调往了其他战场。英国人最近在希腊作战，在北非搏命求生。他们还将飞机送给俄罗斯的盟友，以帮他们继续战斗。首先，这个地方在五分钟前还是一个和平的地区。其次，你不能提供你没有的飞机。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So, see, we're not bringing up this racism stuff to make some sort of racism point. We're pointing out that it helps explain how the Japanese were so fatally underestimated. I mean, if you watch how they dominate the skies in this region and how that allows them to do everything else, you sit there and wonder, where are all the great planes from earlier in this war? Where are the Spitfires and all these planes that you just know are cutting edge? They're not really in this theater in any sort of real numbers. You know why? Because they're in all the other theaters. I mean, the British are fighting recently in Greece, their life or death in North Africa. They're sending planes to their Russian ally to keep them fighting. This is, well, first of all, five minutes ago, a peaceful theater. Second, you can't really spare planes you don't have.
美国人仍在努力开发能够与日本战斗机竞争的战机。然而，问题是，就在五分钟前，他们还不知道自己有这个问题。战争开始五分钟后，他们到处遭遇了这些零式战斗机。还有一件事是，主要的历史资料比现代的资料更加强调这件事的重要性，因为他们亲身经历过，那就是战斗机这样类型的飞机飞过来，用机枪和大炮扫射带来的巨大破坏。很有趣的是，理论上来说，你不需要太多想象力就能理解这样扫射会造成多大的破坏。如果我手里拿着一挺机枪对着一堆目标扫射，就会造成巨大的破坏。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And the Americans are still working on developing fighters that can compete with the Japanese fighters. The thing is, though, that five minutes ago, they didn't know they had that problem. Five minutes after the war starts, they're running into these zeros everywhere. And another thing that the primary sources stress a heck of a lot more than the more modern stuff, because, you know, they were there, is how disruptive it was to have aircraft like fighter aircraft just come over you and strafe stuff with their machine guns and cannon. And it's funny because, you know, theoretically, you don't have to be too mentally inventive to see how devastating that would be. If I took a machine gun in my hand and shot it at a bunch of stuff, it's going to do great damage.
如果你有三到四架这样的飞机，可能还有一两门20毫米的机炮，从空中射击呢？通常来说，从空中攻击是最难防御的。这肯定会造成极大的混乱。但是在现代的资料中，你不会看到太多这样的描述，因为人们更关注这些人同样在投掷大炸弹。同时，我正在读一位澳大利亚记者的报道，稍后会详细谈到他，他一直在讨论，仅仅有几架飞机每隔几个小时飞过来扫射就已经非常具有破坏性。我是说，只需要伤害或杀死几个人，就会造成一段时间的混乱。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
What if you have three or four of them and maybe a 20 millimeter cannon or two, two, and you're shooting from above? Usually, things are least defensible, you know, from the air. Well, that would be disruptive as heck. But you don't see a ton of that in the modern sources because they're focusing on the fact that these people are also dropping big bombs. At the same time, I was reading an Australian journalist, more on him later, who was continually talking about how disruptive it was just to have a couple of planes come over every few hours and shoot up everything. I mean, all you have to do is injure and kill a few people and it's chaos for a while.
如果在你还没有解决混乱局面之前，飞机又回来再次进攻，那就是前48到72小时的情况。我是说，日本人好像无处不在，而他们拥有的空中力量让他们能做到这一点。顺便指出，其中的“无处不在”指的是一个让人难以想象的距离。我相信在上一个环节中我们提到过，这是人类历史上最大的战场，即便没有类似的规模。看看在这场战争的前六个月中，战斗将发生在哪里。我们刚提到过，对吗？这些行动在接近美国海岸的地方，比如夏威夷，日本将来也会进攻到印度洋的中央。看看这些地方相隔多远。他们会攻击阿拉斯加附近的岛屿，也会在像斐济这样的地方进行行动。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And if before you've solved that chaos, the planes come back and do it again, that's what the first 48, 72 hours of this look like. I mean, the Japanese are seemingly everywhere and it's air power that allows them to be. We should point out, by the way, that everywhere in this particular case is a distance that is hard to get your mind around. I believe we said in the last segment this is the largest battlefield in human history and it's not even really close. If you look at where operations in the first six months of this war will take place. I mean, we just mentioned, didn't we, operations as close to U.S. shores as Hawaii. Well, the Japanese will attack into the center of the Indian Ocean in the near future. Look at how far apart those are. They'll be attacking islands off Alaska and they'll be in operations down by places like Fiji.
为了方便理解，可以参考一下，洛杉矶和纽约之间的距离大约是2,700到2,800英里。而这个战场的面积则更像是6,000英里乘以4,500英里。我是在某个地方看到的，不过差不多就是这个范围。这些距离实在是惊人。当你看到一个比日本工业力量更强的国家（指的是德军及其盟友），在尝试征服和消化苏联时所遇到的问题，就能明白我所说的了。这里说的是1941年12月7日和8日，他们正在参与除莫斯科之外的二战中最关键的行动之一。很多历史学家会认为战争的结局在此刻已经初显。而德国军队的后勤供应线被拉得如此之长，以至于他们面临重重困难，对这段历史有所了解的人会对此感同身受。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
For comparison purposes, the distance between Los Angeles and New York is about 2,700 or 2,800 miles. This battlefield is more like 6,000 miles by 4,500 miles. I read that somewhere, but it's close to that. I mean, it's, the distances are crazy. And when you look at what a country that has more industrial strength than Japan has and the kind of problems that they're having, trying to take over and digest the Soviet Union. And of course, I'm talking about the Wehrmacht and friends, December 7th, December 8th, 1941. They're involved in maybe the most crucial operations of the war outside of Moscow. A decent number of historians would tell you that they feel that the war is decided there. And the Germans, those of you who know this story know it well, are dealing with headaches upon headaches over their logistical supply lines being stretched so far.
记住，即使有铁路的帮助，这仍然是极其困难的。而他们面对的距离，与日本即将面对的相比根本不算什么。当日本像超新星一样爆发，建立起包括所有自给自足所需资源的防御圈时，你会明白这一点。看看地理位置，因为这将在故事中起到关键作用。首先，我们之前提到过，我仍然觉得这很有趣，如果你想处理这样一个故事中的人性因素，环境将是体验的关键。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And remember, they've got railroads to help, and it's still nightmarish. And those distances that they're dealing with are nothing compared to the kind of distances that the Japanese are going to be dealing with once they unleash, once they go supernova, right? When the rising sun of Japan explodes to create this defense perimeter that includes all of the resources they need to be self-sufficient. Take a look at the geography, too, because it will be a crucial element in the story. First of all, we've said before, and I still find it fascinating, if you're going to deal with the human part of a story like this, the environment is going to be key to the experience.
最为艰苦的战场是哪种，这其实是一个个人化的问题。每个人的答案都会不一样，这就像是“情人眼里出西施”那种感觉。让你最感到烦恼的事情可能对我来说不算什么，所以我们可能对二战中哪里是最地狱般的地方有不同的看法。举个例子，我有个朋友特别怕冷，他会觉得现在在莫斯科外面，德国人所经历的严寒是他最糟糕的梦魇。你知道的，那种极度的寒冷。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And the kind of battlefield that is most hellacious is a personal question. It's a different answer person to person. It's an eye of the beholder sort of thing. What bothers you the most may not bother me the most, so we may have different ideas of where the most hellish place to fight, for example, in the Second World War was. I have a friend who can't stand even the slightest bit of cold. He's going to have thought that something like what the Germans are dealing with right about now outside of Moscow is his worst nightmare. You know, cold to the nth degree.
另一方面，你可以去读一些太平洋战争老兵的回忆录，比如说，那是一种完全不同的噩梦，尤其是如果你怕蜘蛛、蛇、蜈蚣和夜间袭击的话。每个人都有让他们害怕或困扰的事情。对于很多人来说，盟军在太平洋看到的环境就是如此。说实话，日本人也不比其他人更喜欢蜘蛛、蛇和蜈蚣。对某些人来说，太平洋的战场条件是所有可能性中最糟糕的。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
On the other hand, you go read some of the accounts of the veterans of the Pacific War, for example, and it's a completely different kind of nightmare if you're bothered by spiders and snakes and centipedes and nighttime attacks. I mean, everybody's got the things that scare them or bother them the most. For a lot of people, the conditions that Allied forces will see in the Pacific. And let's be honest, the Japanese didn't like spiders and snakes and centipedes any more than the next people either. For some people, the Pacific is the worst of all possible battlefield conditions.
如果我放一张地图在你面前，让你想办法制定赢得这场战争的策略，先来看一下岛屿问题，因为在我看来，这是任何人都必须解决的关键问题。除了距离和这些岛屿被水覆盖这个事实，你还需要想出如何处理这些岛屿，因为太平洋上的岛屿数量多达25,000个。仅菲律宾，就作为这个战场上的一个单一数据点，实际上就有7,000多个岛屿。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
If you look at the way that, you know, like if I put a map in front of you and said I want you to figure out how to strategize, you know, winning this war, take a look at the island problem for a second because it seems to me that this is the key issue for anyone. Besides the distances and the fact that, you know, they're covered by water, you have to try to figure out what to do with the islands because the Pacific has 25,000 islands. The Philippines alone, which is a single data point on this battlefield, has 7,000 or more actually, 7,000 plus islands just in the Philippines.
如果你是日军指挥官，你要如何进攻呢？或者，如何防守也是一个同样重要的问题。这是一种非常有趣的战争形式。还有另一件需要注意的事情。在太平洋上有约25,000个岛屿，其中很多几乎就是水中孤立的沙洲或小珊瑚礁或环礁。问题在于，这些地方的面积虽然不大，但足以建造一个简易机场。因此，这些岛屿值得考虑要不要占领，以防止敌人利用它们，或者你自己可以在这里建个空军基地。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
How do you attack that if you're the Japanese commander or how do you defend it is an equally valid question. It's a very interesting kind of war. Here's the other thing to take note of. Of these 25,000 islands in the Pacific, a ton of them are little more than, you know, spits of sand out in the middle of the water away from everything or little coral reefs or atolls. The problem is, is that they're big enough for someone to convert into an airfield. They're big enough for you to think about taking it to keep the enemy from having one or for you to create an airfield there yourself.
这里所说的日本防御周线的构想是占领大量岛屿，在上面建造机场（如果这些岛屿还没有的话），然后形成一种防御网络，使得盟军试图夺回这些领土的反攻成本高昂。当第二次世界大战爆发时，日本已经在这一岛屿防御周线上获得了一个不错的起点。他们已经拥有了很多这样的岛屿。具有讽刺意味的是，在上一次世界大战中，他们从现在的盟友德国人手中夺走了不少这样的岛屿。而在这场冲突的初期，他们将迅速占领更多的岛屿，总数超过1000个。对于盟军的战略家们来说，这的确是个难以破解的战略困局。而这正是日本所期望看到的局面。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The Japanese defense perimeter idea here involves taking a lot of these islands, building airfields on them if they don't have them already, and then creating a sort of web of defense that makes counterattacks by the Allies trying to retake their territory brutally costly. When the Second World War breaks out, the Japanese already have a pretty good start to this island defense perimeter. They own a lot of these islands already. Ironically, they took a bunch of them from their now allies, the Germans, in the last World War. But in the early stages of this conflict, they'll snap up a bunch more, and they'll quickly be in possession of more than a thousand of them. If you are the Allied strategists, this is a difficult strategic nut to crack, if you think about it. And that's exactly what the Japanese are hoping for.
虽然有些岛屿符合我之前提到的刻板印象，比如珊瑚礁、环礁或小沙洲，但实际上很多岛屿并不符合这些特点。有些岛屿非常大，地形极其复杂。看看那些地方，我之前提到过地图上给它们的名字，现在它们都有不同的名称，这让人更混淆。比如婆罗洲、苏门答腊这些地方，它们有着茂密的丛林和大面积的陆地。说真的，在这个冲突中，有些地方具有非常重要的战略价值，并将成为激烈战斗的地点。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And while a bunch of these islands fit that stereotype that I just sort of laid out earlier, these coral reefs or atolls or little spits of sand, a lot of these islands don't fit that stereotype, and some of them are very large indeed, with dramatically difficult terrain. I mean, look at places, and this is what the maps used to call them, as I think I said. All these places have different names now, which makes it more confusing. But I mean, the Borneos and the Sumatras and these places that have heavy-duty jungle combined with big land masses. I mean, for goodness sake, take a place that's a very important strategic value in this conflict and that is, you know, going to see a ton of fighting.
那怎么说新几内亚呢？新几内亚位于澳大利亚以北，是世界上第二大岛屿。如果你从英国的多佛（在南部）测量到设得兰群岛（在苏格兰的北部），然后将这个长度乘以三倍，它仍然没有新几内亚那么长。我们之前提到过，最糟糕的战斗环境这件事，真的是见仁见智的。而在这方面，新几内亚确实能让每个人都感到头疼，因为它的地形非常多样且不可思议。首先，大部分地区就像你印象中的典型太平洋丛林岛屿，浓密的丛林覆盖全岛。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
How about New Guinea, north of Australia? New Guinea is the second largest island on the planet. If you measure the British Isles from Dover in the south to the Orkney Islands, you know, in the northern Scottish area, and then you multiply that by three times, it's still not as long as New Guinea is. We mentioned earlier that the worst battle conditions in the world is an eye of the beholder sort of thing. Well, New Guinea has something for everyone's nightmare in that regard, because it is an improbable mix of terrain types. First of all, it is, for the most part, just like your stereotypical Pacific jungle island, heavy jungle island.
现在，我会说这是热带雨林，但这并不能真正传达出正确的感觉。我不太确定，那场战役的一些老兵会不会觉得“热带雨林”这个词足以描述当时的环境。我的意思是，这个词在脑海中似乎勾勒出独角兽四处奔跑的画面，而实际上显然没有独角兽。然而，在所有河流中都有吃人的大鳄鱼。巨大的吃人的大鳄鱼。所以，新几内亚的感觉与“热带雨林”的印象有点不同。在某些地方，丛林如此浓密，以至于植被腐烂发臭，吸引了各种昆虫，同时在一些地方遮蔽了阳光。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Now, I would say rainforest, but it doesn't really conjure up the right vibe. I'm not so sure one of the veterans of that campaign would think rainforest did justice to the conditions. I mean, it sort of conjures up these mental images of unicorns running around, and there weren't any unicorns, obviously. There were, however, man-eating crocodiles in all the rivers. Huge man-eating crocodiles. So, a little bit of a different sort of feel to New Guinea than the rainforest idea might project. The jungle is so thick in places that vegetation just rots and stinks and attracts all sorts of insect life, while blotting out the sun in some places.
新几内亚拥有许多让人做噩梦的爬行动物。在某些地方，你可能醒来后松一口气，因为梦中那只巨大的有毒蜈蚣爬在你身上只是个梦，而在新几内亚，这是真的。它们可能真的在你身上爬行，尤其是在连续下了20天的大暴雨之后。与其他太平洋岛屿相比，新几内亚有点不同，不仅有茂密的丛林，还有非常高的山脉。婆罗洲和一些其他地方也有这样的特征。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
New Guinea has all of the creepy crawlies that haunt a lot of people's nightmares, whereas in some places you might wake up and have a sigh of relief to know that that dream about that giant poisonous centipede crawling on you was nothing but a dream in New Guinea. It's all too real. And they might be crawling on you after, you know, 20 straight days of torrential downpour. Now, what New Guinea brings to the table that's a little different from a lot of these Pacific islands is that in addition to the jungle, it's also got enormously tall mountains. Borneo does, too. Some of these other places do, too.
在这个地区有很多火山或者死火山。而新几内亚有着高耸的山脉，高到一些飞机无法直接飞越，而不得不借助上升气流来越过这些特别高、负重较大的山脉顶端。这样的地形被我一本书形容为“高山丛林”。“高山丛林”听起来是不是有些自相矛盾呢？我在其他地方还没遇到过这样的环境，但它确实让你了解这里的挑战。比如，你要怎样装备一支部队来在高山丛林中作战呢？
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And there's a lot of volcanoes or extinct volcanoes in the region. But New Guinea has towering mountain ranges. So tall that some planes can't quite make it over the hump and have to try to work the thermal updrafts a little bit to get it over the really, you know, if they're heavily weighted, the really, you know, tip of the mountain range. But that creates an environment that one of my books describes as alpine jungle. Doesn't that sound sort of mutually exclusive or contradictory? Alpine jungle? Well, I haven't encountered that elsewhere, but it gives you a sense of the challenges. I mean, how do you equip a force to fight in alpine jungle?
更重要的是，这是一个非常偏远的地区。一旦你离开海岸线，进入内陆，就没有公路之类的设施。只有一些泥泞的小路。内陆地区非常孤立，以至于在二战前，西方的人类学家为了研究人类在城市出现之前的生活方式，试图了解我们在人类历史的大部分时间里是如何生活的，他们曾冒险前往如新几内亚这样的地方，观察岛上的部落如何打仗。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
What's more, this is a very remote area. So once you get away from the coastline toward the interior, you know, there are no roads. There's none of that. There's like dirty footpaths. And it's so isolated in the interior that before the Second World War, anthropologists from the West that were trying to get examples of how human beings operated before cities first arose and stuff like that, trying to see us, you know, as we existed through most of human history 10,000 years ago or whatever, they ventured to the interior of places like New Guinea to watch, for example, tribes of people on the island go to war.
顺便提一下，其中一些人类学家从未回到家乡。在那里作战的许多士兵也是如此，他们遭遇了类似的命运，同样未能回到家乡。如果你看一看地图，就能明白为什么新几内亚对澳大利亚人有着如此重要的意义。因为如果日本的机场和军队像澳大利亚和新几内亚的距离那样接近美国，例如加州或者纽约，那么在第二次世界大战期间，我们也会感到极其恐慌。澳大利亚人直接受到日本的威胁。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Some of these anthropologists, by the way, never made it home. Bunch of the soldiers who had to fight there suffered, you know, similar fates and they never made it home either. If you look at a map, too, you can see why New Guinea is such a dramatic island of importance to the people in Australia. Because if you had Japanese airfields and troops as close to the United States, you know, California or New York, as the Australians have New Guinea close to them, we would be losing our minds during the Second World War. The Australians are directly threatened by the Japanese.
最终，你会看到一个日本人非常重视的区域，我的意思是，这是这场冒险的重头戏。冒这种极大风险的全部原因，包括将一些额外的选择加到他们的计划中，都是为了可能的回报。这个可能的回报包括多块领土，但大多数都是岛屿。当时被称为荷属东印度群岛。它们以前被称作苏门答腊、婆罗洲等地方。新加坡北部的马来半岛地区也极具价值。那里拥有丰富的锡矿、橡胶和很多稀有且有趣的资源，当然，还有石油。如今，这些资源丰富且极其珍贵的地区已成为像印度尼西亚和马来西亚这样的独立国家。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Finally, you have that area that the Japanese are really, I mean, this is the prize in this gamble. The whole reason to take this giant risk, add a couple more elephants to the menu, is for the potential payoff. The potential payoff is a number of territories, but most of them are islands. They're known as the Dutch East Indies during this time period. Their names used to be places like Sumatra, as I said, and Borneo. The area of Malaya, north of Singapore, is also very valuable. Lots of tin, lots of rubber, lots of interesting, exotic, sort of hard-to-find resources, and, of course, oil. Today, these uber-valuable, resource-rich territories are the independent nation-states of countries like Indonesia and Malaysia.
当亚洲和太平洋地区的第二次世界大战开始时，这些地方和大多数地区一样，都处于欧洲国家的殖民统治之下。这些特定的地区就像一个充满区域资源的宝库，几乎可以被视为遗产殖民地，因为它们由荷兰控制。而荷兰已经有一段时间不再是主要的军事强国了。这让人想起比利时人，他们也是殖民强国。你可能会想，比利时会是一个殖民强国？他们如果遇到麻烦，甚至可能都很难保卫自己的家园，但他们却是一个殖民强国。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
But when the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific is starting, these are, like most of the region, under the colonial domination of European states. And these particular places, this treasure chest of regional resources, is almost like a legacy colony, if you want to think about it, because they're controlled by the Dutch. And the Dutch haven't been a major military power for some time. They remind you a little bit of the Belgians, who are also a colonial power. And you think to yourself, the Belgians are a colonial power? They could hardly, you would think, defend their homeland if they were in trouble, but they're a colonial power.
这段话的中文翻译如下：
说到这一点，当这场战争爆发在珍珠港事件前后，荷兰在欧洲根本无法自卫。那时，他们实际上被纳粹占领。此外，法国也是如此，他们也有一个由纳粹德国控制的傀儡政府。因此，一些在欧洲的殖民列强在国内很难维持局势稳定，但他们仍然想控制这些领土，并保持他们在这个地区的统治。谁不想呢？这是人性。就像日本人想要占领它们一样，这就是自苏美尔时期甚至更早以来人类习惯的权力政治。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And speaking to that point, when this war is breaking out right around the time of the Pearl Harbor attacks, the Dutch can't defend themselves in Europe. They're actually occupied by the Nazis during this time period. And by the way, so are the French. They also have a puppet government set up, controlled by Nazi Germany. So some of these colonial powers are having a hard time keeping their act together back at home in Europe, but they still want to control these territories and maintain their domination in the region. And who wouldn't? It's human nature. It's just like the Japanese wanting to take them over, right? That's the sort of power of politics mankind's become accustomed to ever since Sumeria and before, right?
在日本人能够利用这些地区并将其作为未来帝国的核心动力之前，他们必须先占领这些地方。这就是为什么从12月到次年2月底或3月的初期阶段被视为关键准备期。如果把这场战役看作由多个章节或部分组成，第一部分就是日本的“闪电战”阶段。头48到72小时真的有些疯狂。正如我们所说，他们在新加坡北部登陆，香港立即遭到攻击。菲律宾群岛也有登陆行动。关岛被迅速攻击并占领。虽然威克岛也会被快速攻击，但是海军陆战队会阻止它快速沦陷。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
But before the Japanese can exploit these territories and use them as sort of the equivalent of the nuclear reactor powering their future empire, they have to take the places first. And that's what the early stages of, say, from December to late February or March are going to be. So if you look at this campaign in chapters or sections, the first section is the Japanese Blitzkrieg section. And the first 48 or 72 hours, as we said, is a little crazy. I mean, with landings north of Singapore, as we said, Hong Kong's attacked immediately. There are landings on Philippine islands. Guam's attacked immediately and taken over quickly. Wake Island will be attacked quickly, although the Marines will prevent it from falling quickly.
1941年12月10日，也就是珍珠港事件发生后的几天，一支英国海军攻击部队从新加坡出发。当时是由温斯顿·丘吉尔在战争爆发前不久派遣到那里的，这个决定让人联想到美国今天常做的事情，比如派遣航母战斗群到霍尔木兹海峡展示决心，或者派遣任务部队到台湾海峡展示国旗等等。这些都是传统的海军行动，而那时的英国海军可谓是历史上最强大的海军。因此，丘吉尔派遣这支部队到新加坡，是想在珍珠港事件前向日本传达一个信息：如果日本要与我们为敌，就要做好面对强大对手的准备。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
On December 10th, so a couple days after Pearl Harbor, famously, a British naval attack force goes to sea, based in Singapore, by the way, sent there right before war broke out by Winston Churchill, in a move that reminds you of what the U.S. constantly does today. We'll send a carrier group to a place like the Straits of Hormuz to display resolve, or we'll send another task force to the Straits of Taiwan to show the flag, whatever it might be. These are old naval maneuvers, and the British, of course, the greatest navy of all time at this particular moment in history. And so Churchill sends this task force to Singapore as a way of sending a message to the Japanese before Pearl Harbor, saying, let's remember what you're going to be tangling with if you decide to mess with us, right?
现在你不是在对付中国人，也不是在和苏联人作战。我的意思是，这是一个强大的海军。你们把自己的海军模仿得像我们。现在，众所周知，这支特遣舰队没有航母，原因很有争议，接下来的事情几乎也是如此，就像这场冲突中同盟国的初期失败一样。 这很常见，不是吗？每当战争开始时，总会出现一些失误。在和平时期，你们进行了多年的演习和兵棋推演，为即将发生的事情做好了各种准备。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
You're not going after Chinese now. You're not fighting the Soviets. I mean, this is the navy that's so great. You model your navy after us. Now, famously, there will not be an aircraft carrier with this task force, and the reasons for that are controversial, as is everything that happens next, as is almost everything from the early failures on the Allied side in this conflict. It's pretty typical, though, isn't it? Whenever you have beginnings of wars, there's going to be screw-ups. And you've had years of peacetime maneuvers and war games and all sorts of things to prepare you for all this stuff that's going to happen.
但是，当真正的战争爆发时，墨菲定律会以一种和平时期的战争游戏中不会出现的方式发挥作用。于是，你会看到一连串的失误。比如说，看看珍珠港事件，他们需要多少年时间来调查这是谁的责任，对吧？就在珍珠港战争爆发后不久，日本轰炸了位于菲律宾的美军克拉克空军基地，摧毁了跑道上大约一半的飞机，而当时菲律宾的空军指挥部已经知道美国已进入战争状态，并且珍珠港遭到了轰炸。再一次，人们开始互相推卸责任。在新加坡的事件中，我们也会看到英国军队内部大量的指责。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
But when real war happens, Murphy's Law gets involved in a way it just doesn't in the peacetime war games. And you see screw-ups after screw-ups. I mean, look at Pearl Harbor and how many years they're going to be investigating whose fault that was, right? Right after war breaks out at Pearl Harbor, the Japanese will famously bomb Clark Field in the Philippines, which is U.S. held, and destroy like half of the planes on the runway when the air command in the Philippines already knows that the U.S. is at war and that Pearl Harbor has been bombed. Again, fingers start getting pointed. The Singapore situation, we'll see a ton of fingers pointed in British military circles.
12月10日当天，作为主力舰的战列舰威尔士亲王号、战列巡洋舰反击号及其护卫的驱逐舰编队，出海进行搜索，目标是在马来半岛海域击沉日本的部队运输船。然而，它们被日本侦察部队发现。那个地区到处都是飞机和潜艇。起初，日本人发现了它们，但随后一度失去踪迹，之后又再次找到并锁定了它们。日本于是派遣岸基轰炸机前去攻击这些舰船。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And when on December 10th, the capital ships, the battleships, Prince of Wales, the battlecruiser Repulse and their destroyer complement head out to sea or continue their search for Japanese troop transports to sink off of the Malayan Peninsula, get spotted by Japanese reconnaissance forces. There are planes all over that area, submarines. The Japanese initially see them and then lose them, and then they find them and pick them up again. And then they send land-based bombers out to go get these ships.
现在，我们之前提到过，在这个时期，海军战争中发生了一场有趣的“军事革命”，简称RMA。当这样的事情发生时，它必须对抗现有军事观念的惯性，因为在现有的运作方式中，各个领域和层面都投入了大量资源。想一想，那些政府中的人，他们决定资助某个特定武器系统，向别人保证这个武器系统是最先进的，将在下一场战争中起决定性作用，他们的声誉就系于此。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Now, we told you earlier that there's an interesting, it's called an RMA these days, a revolution in military affairs happening in naval warfare during this period. Whenever something like that happens, it has to fight the inertia of the prevailing military beliefs because there's so much invested in so many different places and on so many different levels in the way things are. Think about the reputations at stake in people who've assured, for example, people in governments who decide to throw money into some particular weapons system, that this weapons system is cutting edge and will determine everything in the next war, so you've got reputations on the line.
然后，你要考虑那些负责做出花钱建造这些系统决定的人们的声誉。接着，还有那些支持这些系统的人们。我的意思是，有时候事情就像战列舰一样荒谬——如果你是一位想要在海上指挥船只的海军指挥官，那么这就是顶级声望的工作之一。我记得在《星际迷航》中，柯克船长曾说舰队中只有12艘企业号。我是说，成为星际飞船的船长是一种莫大的荣誉。那么，这种荣誉感从何而来？这直接来源于像指挥一艘主力舰船，或者在这种情况下，一艘战列舰的概念。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Then you've got the reputations of the people that decide to make the decisions to spend the money to build these systems. Then you have the people who support these systems. I mean, it's as silly as sometimes the fact that something like a battleship, if you are a naval commander who wants to command a ship at sea, that is one of the top prestige jobs. I remember from Star Trek, Captain Kirk used to say there's only 12 enterprises in the fleet. I mean, it's this great honor to be a starship captain. Well, where'd you get that from? That's taken directly from the idea of commanding a ship of the line, or in this case, a battleship.
所以，你甚至可以说这种惯性反对这样一个观点：战列舰是海军中最具有威望且投入最多的武器，而大多数国家甚至无法建造战列舰。我们要强调这一点，对吧？这说明这个领域有多么特殊。并不是每个国家都能建造这些战列舰。那么，如果证据不断显示战列舰已经过时了，会发生什么呢？没有人真的愿意听到这样的结论。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So you even have that kind of inertia working against the idea that the weapon that's got the highest prestige and the most investment in the navies around the world, most states can't even build battleships. Let's emphasize that, right? That's how rarefied the air is here. Not every country can even build these battleships. So what happens if the evidence continually begins to show over and over that they're obsolete? Nobody really wants to hear that.
在珍珠港事件发生之前，地中海、大西洋和北海等地区已经经历了两年多的战争。我是说，英国人、德国人和意大利人之间一直在交战。所以战斗的例子不断增多。如果你像我一样是战列舰的爱好者，这并不一定是个好消息。不过，也有一些能够减轻这些负面影响的情况。这就是像我这样的人不愿意看到越积越多的证据所显示的内容，同时也像许多其他人所说的那些可以减轻负面影响的情况。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
By the time Pearl Harbor happens, you've had more than two years of war in places like the Mediterranean, the Atlantic, the North Sea. I mean, the British and the Germans and the Italians are all tangling with each other. So there's evidence accruing. And if you're a fan of battleships like I am, it hasn't been necessarily very good news. But there's mitigating circumstances. That's what a person like me who doesn't want to hear what the mounting evidence seems to show and what a lot of other people would say to mitigating circumstances.
好的，我们谈到了英国袭击意大利舰队的事件，这支舰队停泊在塔兰托港口，对吧？ 那是一些老式双翼飞机参与的袭击，这是你能想象到的最原始的空对海战斗，这些飞机的最高时速大约只有140英里，但它们却能够瘫痪或击沉四艘意大利战列舰，而它们只损失了两架飞机。 喜欢战列舰的人（包括我自己）往往会觉得这次袭击不太公平。这些战舰当时停泊在港口，无法机动，船员也没有在最高警戒状态下操作防空武器。所以，我觉得这不能算是一次公平的测试。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I mean, we talked about the British raid against the Italian fleet anchored at the port of Taranto, right? Where a bunch of old biplanes, the most primitive level of like air to naval combat you can think of, primitive biplanes with a top speed of something like 140 miles per hour, are able to cripple or sink four Italian battleships and they lost two planes. People who love battleships put their fingers in their ear, as I do, and say, not a fair test. These ships were tied up at port. They weren't maneuvering. Their crews weren't manning the anti-aircraft weapons at full strength. I mean, not a fair test.
这么说来，这种情况一直持续到目前为止这场战争。在1941年12月7日，美国舰队在港口遭到类似于意大利舰队在塔兰托所受到的袭击，但情况更糟。许多历史学家之所以特别关注1941年12月10日的这次海军事件，是因为这是展示军事革命实际应用的最典型案例。在这次事件中，有两艘主力舰，其中一艘是同年服役的新舰。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And that sort of has been the case for the war so far. And on December 7th, 1941, you get another not fair test when the U.S. fleet, tied up at port, receives a similar treatment but worse to what the Italian fleet got at Taranto. The reason so many historians pay so much extra attention to this December 10th, 1941 naval incident is because it's the best, by far, the best test case scenario we have of the new revolution in military affairs in action. Because you have two capital ships here and one of them is new, commissioned this same year.
你不能说这艘船的漆面没有划伤，因为对于一艘全新的船来说，它已经经历了不少战斗。例如，它曾与俾斯麦战斗过。不过，威尔士亲王号装有最新的防空系统，非常坚固。这两艘战舰——与之同行的战列巡洋舰反击号和威尔士亲王号——其长度约为两个半美国足球场。如果把它们想象成泰坦尼克号的短胖版本，也差不多。反击号的重量大约是三万吨，而威尔士亲王号则接近四万吨。它们的武器装备极其强大，尤其是威尔士亲王号。这些都是20世纪中期的超级战舰。它们可以被视为技术上最先进的海上杀戮机器，几乎让人无法不对其令人惊叹的武器完美性心生敬意，即便这是一种来自内心阴暗面的欣赏。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
You can't say the paint hasn't been scratched because for a brand new ship, it's already seen a lot of action. It tangled with the Bismarck, for example. The Prince of Wales, though, has the latest anti-aircraft system, heavily armored. Both these ships, by the way, the Repulse, the battlecruiser that's with it, and the Prince of Wales, about... the length of two and a half U.S. football fields. If you think about them like stubby versions of the Titanic, that's not far wrong. The Repulse is something like 30,000 tons in weight. The Prince of Wales, almost 40,000 tons. They are ridiculously heavily armed, especially the Prince of Wales. These are mid-20th century death stars. And it is hard not to admire them as some of the most technologically sophisticated naval killing machines. I mean, if there's a diabolical side to you where you could admire that kind of weapons perfection.
我可以理解为什么人们会爱上这样一个武器系统，并拒绝接受新的现实。这种情况类似于1941年12月10日早晨发生的攻击事件。如果你允许我用个双关语来形容的话，这将是一个让游移不定的人痛下决心的“倾覆时刻”。这部分人正试图认真分析数据所暗示的信息。我们之前提到，这个任务舰队中应该有一艘航空母舰。英国海军完全清楚航空力量在海军作战中的重要性，他们并不愚蠢，他们本来很希望能拥有那艘航空母舰。然而，原本要参与的“不可征服号”之前搁浅了，没有到场。直到最后一刻，附近陆地基地的空中力量都有可能参与，但最终也未能成行。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I mean, you can see why people could fall in love with a weapons system like this and refuse to see the new reality. It's going to be the attack that happens on the morning of December 10, 1941. That is, if you'll pardon the pun, a capsizing moment for many people on the fence about this, who are trying legitimately to figure out what the data points suggest. Now, we'd mentioned earlier that there was supposed to be an aircraft carrier with this task force. The British Navy is fully aware of the value of aircraft in a naval situation. They are not stupid. They would have liked to have had it. The indomitable, though, had run aground earlier, wasn't here. Up until the last minute, air power from the land bases around there were potentially going to be involved. But that didn't happen either.
关键在于，要理解这是一个颠覆性的时刻，因为这些军舰在没有空中支援的情况下驶向南中国海时，并不认为这是一件极其危险的事情。如果是在1945年，这几乎是一件自杀性的举动，所有人都会知道这一点。当然，他们之所以会知道这是因为到了1945年，许多战舰都被飞机击沉。然而，到我们故事中的这个时间点——1941年12月10日，这种情况在海军历史上从未发生过。此外，如果这些舰船和船员没有对没有空中掩护而感到过分担忧，你可以想象他们是有理由这样做的，因为这些军舰配备了大量的防空武器。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The key to the whole thing, though, in understanding that this is going to be a capsizing moment is that when these ships went out into the South China Sea without air power, they did not think of this as an extremely dangerous thing to do. If this were 1945, this would be an almost suicidal thing to do and everyone would have known it. But, of course, the reason that they would have known this is by 1945, plenty of battleships had been sunk by aircraft. Up to the point we are in the story right now, late 1941, December 10, 1941, that had never happened in naval history. What's more, if these ships and their crews were not unduly concerned about going off without air cover, you would imagine they had every right to be, considering the amount of anti-aircraft weaponry these ships were loaded with.
有一位名叫O.D. Gallagher的战地记者，他为英国《每日快报》工作。当时，他在“反击号”战舰上。在他对这一事件的报道中，他特别关注了舰上的防空武器。你能看出他对这些武器印象深刻。然而，这些武器比不上“威尔士亲王号”上的装备。他提到一种射速可达到每分钟2,000发的武器。为了搞清楚是什么，我查了一下，原来是四挺 .50口径的机枪组合在一起。如果你看看战争末期防空武器的发展，就能找到一些关于美国海军舰队对抗神风特攻的精彩影像资料。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
There's a war correspondent named O.D. Gallagher who writes for the British paper, The Daily Express. He's on board the Repulse. And in his rundown of this incident, he focuses intensely on the anti-aircraft on the ship. You can tell he's overwhelmingly impressed with it. And it's inferior to what's on the Prince of Wales. He talks about something that has a firing rate of 2,000 rounds a minute. I had to go look it up and it's basically four .50 caliber machine guns strapped together on a rack. If you look at the way that anti-aircraft will eventually evolve at the end of the war, there's actually some good footage you can find of late war U.S. naval task forces opening up against, I think it's kamikazes.
美国在战争后期已经完美地掌握了这一战术。他们在前方布置了驱逐舰的警戒线，大小舰船环绕着大型舰艇，所有火力同时开启，天空顿时充满了爆炸的金属。他们根据高度进行分区：有些炮专门对准海平面低空飞行器，其余炮火则按不同高度层次井然有序地排列开来。所有一切都与雷达同步，场景令人惊叹，震撼人心。让人不禁想象：怎么会有人敢飞过这样的火力网？试图穿越这样的场面又会是什么感觉呢？
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And what you see is, I mean, the U.S. had perfected this by late war. They've got picket lines of destroyers out in advance. They've got a bunch of smaller ships surrounding the big ships and they all open up at once. The sky fills with explosive metal. They have it sectioned off by altitude. So you have certain kinds of guns firing right at sea level for the low flyers. And then they've got it graduated in steps every way up the altitude chain. It's all synced to radar. It's awesome. Awe-inspiring. And all you can think of is how could anybody ever fly through that? What would it be like to try to fly through that?
但这里有一个不为人知的秘密。总有足够多的飞机能够突破防线，仅靠防空火力是无法完全保护这些舰船的。许多时候，被防空炮火击落的飞机数量看起来少得可怜。但即使在那些你看到很多敌机被舰船炮火击落的战斗中，很多时候这些都是在敌机已经完成鱼雷攻击或轰炸后飞过舰船时发生的。很多这样的飞机会返回基地后才被宣布为彻底损毁的。这样虽然减少了敌方的飞机数量，但并没有在当时阻止对舰船的攻击。那么，如果你失去了一艘战列舰，而敌方损失了30架、40架飞机，你愿意认为这样算是一场平手吗？
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
But here's the dirty little secret about it all. Enough planes always get through so that you can't defend these ships with anti-aircraft alone. Oftentimes, the numbers look pathetically small of planes taken out by anti-aircraft. But even in the battles where, you know, you see a lot of enemy planes are destroyed by gunfire from the ships. A lot of times it's after the plane has already conducted its torpedo run or bombing run and it's passing over and passed. A lot of these planes will make it back to their base and then be declared total losses. Now, that's great. You've reduced enemy aircraft numbers, but it didn't stop the attack on the ship at the time. So how many planes are you willing to take out and call it an even day if you lose a battleship and they lose 30 planes, 40 planes?
把这段话翻译成中文，尽量做到易懂：
我的意思是，用数字来说。如果要看价值，美国陆军将军比利·米切尔在两次世界大战之间就曾表示，美国根本不应该再建造更多的战列舰，因为一艘战列舰的价格可以购买一千架轰炸机。我的意思是，他可能会说，如果能摧毁一艘战列舰，我愿意损失999架飞机，并称之为胜利。你可以开始意识到，为了保护这些战舰，需要对防空武器的效率有很高的期待，但这在现实中是不切实际的。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I mean, put a number on it. Army General Billy Mitchell, who said in the years between the two world wars that the U.S. shouldn't even build any more battleships because you could buy a thousand bombers for the price of one battleship. I mean, he's the kind of guy that might say, I'd be willing to lose a thousand planes, 999 planes and call it a victory if I took out a battleship. You could begin to see that in order to protect these ships, you have to expect a level of efficiency on the part of the anti-aircraft weapons that's not realistic to expect.
现在，船上人员之所以信心十足，认为无须担心，是因为他们意识到自己面对的不是通常遇到的那种敌人。很多人刚从欧洲回来，在那里他们对抗的是以训练有素和效率著称的德国空军和其他军事力量。而在这艘船上的人则认为他们所面对的敌人不如欧洲的那些强大，原因在于他们之前提到的各种偏见。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Now, another reason that the people on board these ships are confident that they have nothing to worry about is because they realize that they're not up against the kind of enemy that they're used to facing. A lot of these people just came from Europe where they were facing the Luftwaffe and Germany, and these are notoriously good military forces, highly trained, very efficient. And the people on this ship think that they're facing people who don't measure up to European standards for all of the bigotry reasons I mentioned earlier.
所以没有什么好担心的。这将成为另一个数据点的一部分。这是盟军发现他们严重低估了敌人的一部分。而战地记者O.D. Gallagher就在战舰Repulse上。他为英国《每日快报》撰稿，我想我之前提到过。他描述了这一天不幸事件的经过，当时日本飞机再次发现了这个攻击部队。战斗大约在上午11点到11点15分之间开始，日军飞机从四面八方、不同高度和不同时间对战舰进行攻击。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So nothing to worry about. That's another thing that this is going to be a data point for. This is part of the Allies discovering that they have woefully underestimated their enemy here. And war correspondent O.D. Gallagher is on board the Repulse. He writes for the British paper The Daily Express, as I believe I said. He recounts what happened on this fateful day when the Japanese aircraft find this strike force again. The battle itself begins about 11 a.m., 11.15, with Japanese aircraft attacking from all different sides and all different altitudes at different times as they sort of arrive.
所以，你有六架、八架、十架飞机，有些飞机沿着海浪飞行，携带着重型鱼雷，地平线上可以看到它们的踪影，其他的则在空中飞行。在这种情况下，他们有水平轰炸机，也就是中型轰炸机，会以大约一万英尺的高度飞过并投下大炸弹。从这个高度很难击中船只，但一旦击中，就是非常大的炸弹。根据O.D. Gallagher的说法，上午11点15分，威尔士亲王号的防空武器开火。爆炸声让他大吃一惊。然后他说，提醒你一下，这些都是那个时代的第一手资料，所以会有你所预料的那种带有偏见的战时宣传术语，但我们不会审查这些原始资料，你也不希望我们这么做。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So you have six planes, eight planes, ten planes, some hugging the waves with heavy torpedoes on the horizon, others flying. In this case, they had level bombers, so medium bombers that would fly straight overhead at like 10,000 feet and drop big bombs. Very hard to hit the ships at that height, but if you do, they're very big bombs. O.D. Gallagher says that at 11.15 a.m., the Prince of Wales anti-aircraft weapons open fire. The explosion makes him jump. And then he says, and let me warn you, these are primary source quotes from the era, so they're going to have all the bigoted wartime propaganda type terms you might expect, but we don't censor primary sources and you wouldn't want us to.
想象一下，如果你试图用美国内战前的材料来做这些事情。你可能会在任何想说的话中遇到巨大的空白，所以要有所准备。但Gallagher写到11:15上午的空袭时，他说：“这是日本发动的一次出色空袭的开端，他们的空军当时还未为人所知。”他还提到，"威尔士亲王号"上的军官，在上周该舰抵达此地时我在军官餐厅见过他们，他们说他们预料到日本飞行员会有一些非同寻常的飞行表现。他们还引述说，最大的危险在于这些日本飞行员可能会一头撞上舰船，进行自杀式攻击。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Imagine trying to do that, for example, with stuff from before the U.S. Civil War. You'd have huge gaps in anything you might try to say, so be forewarned. But Gallagher writes about the 11.15 a.m. air assault, quote, That was the beginning of a superb air attack by the Japanese, whose air force was an unknown quantity. Officers in the Prince of Wales, he writes, whom I met in their wardroom when she arrived here last week, said they expected some unorthodox flying from the Japs. The great danger will be the possibility of these Japs flying their whole aircraft into a ship and committing harikiri, he quotes them as saying.
他接着说：“并不是那样的，一切都非常正规。他们甚至以编队形式朝我们飞来，飞得既低又近。”在“反击号”上，他表示，他发现了能胜任评估日本飞行能力的观察员，他们有亲身经验了解皇家空军和德国空军的情况。他们的评语是，引用他们的评语：“德国人在北海、大西洋或我们去过的任何其他地方都从未这样做过。”结束引用。两艘舰船都开始机动，速度大约是30节。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
He continues, quote, It was nothing like that. It was most orthodox. They even came at us in formation, flying low and close. Aboard the Repulse, he says, I found observers as qualified as anyone to estimate Jap flying abilities. They know from firsthand experience what the Royal Air Force and the Luftwaffe are like. Their verdict was, now quoting their verdict, The Germans have never done anything like this in the North Sea, Atlantic, or anywhere else we have been. End quote. Both these ships begin maneuvering. They both do about 30 knots.
它们速度很快，正如我们所说的，舰身很长，因此不易操控。然而，这些正是战列舰捍卫者曾认为它们能够完成并在这些遭遇战中幸存下来的原因。顺便提一下，在整个空袭过程中，“反击号”战舰一次又一次地躲避鱼雷。所以关于机动能力这一点是有一定道理的。他们躲开了大约19枚鱼雷。但是，这是一场数字游戏。在大约一个半小时的时间里，近百架飞机参与了这场攻击，看起来就像是在塞伦盖蒂草原上一群顽强的小型掠食者合力猎杀一只大型动物。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So they're fast, they're, as we said, long, which makes it hard to maneuver. But these are all the sorts of things that defenders of battleships suggested that they'd be able to do and survive these encounters. And by the way, throughout these air attacks, the Repulse is dodging torpedo after torpedo. So there's some truth to the whole maneuvering thing. They dodge like 19 of them. But this is a numbers game. And over the space of about an hour and a half, almost a hundred aircraft will participate in what looks very much like the taking down of a large animal on the Serengeti by a persistent horde of smaller predators.
这就是我要指出的，这些大型军舰通常沉没的两种方式之一。第一种方式是相当经典且非常戏剧性的，自从有了装满爆炸物的弹药库以来，就一直存在。在海战中，总是有可能发生致命一击。你可以看看对付俾斯麦号战列舰时的例子，当时俾斯麦号或与它一同作战的巡洋舰成功击中了战列巡洋舰胡德号的弹药库，这艘美丽的英国战列巡洋舰被击中后，弹药库被引爆，轰然爆炸。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And that is, I should point out, one of the two ways that these big ships tend to be sunk. Way number one's pretty classic and very dramatic, and it's been around ever since you had magazines filled with explosive things. In naval warfare, the critical hit is always a possibility. You saw it against the Bismarck, where the Bismarck or the cruiser with it was able to penetrate the magazine of the battlecruiser hood, the beautiful British battlecruiser fighting it, somehow got into the magazine and boom, it explodes.
在大约一千人的船员中，只有三个人幸存。我是说，这艘船很快就沉入海底了。它的一部分在大约一秒半内就沉没了，另一部分还坚持了几分钟，然后就爆炸了。所以在海战中，致命一击一直都是存在的。然而，对于很多大型战舰来说，这更像是一个逐步削弱的过程。通常情况下，可能会发生幸运的一击，但是如果你足够努力，幸运的一击是必然会出现的，对吧？就像在老拉斯维加斯的老虎机上，你不断尝试，尽管它是为赚钱而设计的，但最终它也会有所回报。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And out of a crew of something like a thousand, three people survived. I mean, it was at the bottom of the sea extremely quickly. Part of it sank in like a second and a half. The other one lasted a couple of minutes before boom. So the critical hit's always been around in naval warfare. warfare. But with a lot of these big ships, it's more like a process of weakening them. And what often happens is a lucky hit will happen, but if you're trying hard enough, a lucky hit's inevitable, right? I mean, you take enough pulls even at the old slot machines in Las Vegas designed to take your money from you, but it'll eventually pay off.
空战的区别并不大。在躲过了19枚鱼雷后，"反击号"最终还是被击中了一枚。而这些鱼雷常常会增加你的脆弱性。它们会卡住舵机或破坏动力。"威尔士亲王号"最终就是因为被击中而出现了这种情况。这些巨型炸弹是从高空投下的，击中这些舰船的可能性很小，但如果投下足够多炸弹，就有一定的几率命中。而这些炸弹的威力非常大，有些重达一千磅，如果这样的炸弹击中这些舰船，很可能会让它们减速。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The air combat's not too dissimilar. After dodging 19 torpedoes, for example, the repulse eventually gets hit by one. And what these torpedoes often do is make you more vulnerable. So they'll jam the rudder or they'll damage the power. That happens to the Prince of Wales eventually when she gets hit. They're dropping these very big bombs from very high altitude. The chance of hitting these ships is very small, but if you drop enough bombs, you have a decent chance of striking with one. And they're big enough. Some of them are a thousand pounds that if you hit these ships with something like that, you're likely to slow them down.
如果你让他们减速，他们就成了靶子。威尔士亲王号遭到攻击后，能量水平和速度都下降，开始倾斜。在复仇号上的加拉格尔看到这一幕，说：“12点20分。末日来临，尽管我当时还不知道。一波新飞机出现，编队绕着我们飞行，并逐渐接近。威尔士亲王号在我们左舷大约十根缆索的距离。它无能为力。他们正朝它扑去。我不知道有多少架。他们正在分散我们的炮火，因为他们知道她无法躲避鱼雷。”
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And if you slow them down, then they become meat. The Prince of Wales, after being hit and seeing its power levels drop and its speed drop, begins to take a list. And Gallagher, on board the repulse watching this, says, quote, 12.20 PM. The end is near, although I didn't know it. A new wave of planes appear, flying around us in formation and gradually coming nearer. The Prince of Wales lies about ten cables astern of our port side. She is helpless. They are making for her. I don't know how many. They are splitting up our guns as they realize they are after her, knowing she can't dodge their torpedoes.
我们向敌人开火是为了保卫威尔士亲王号，而不是顾及自身的安危。能够形容威尔士亲王号在最后时刻的比喻就是在生命垂危中仍试图抵御致命一击的老虎。在烟雾和火焰中，除了14英寸的火炮外，她的轮廓几乎无法辨认。我看到一架飞机投下一枚鱼雷，鱼雷重头落入海中，迅速朝威尔士亲王号驶去，掀起了一小道水迹。随后，它在船头爆炸。几秒后，又有一枚在船中部爆炸，还有一枚在船尾爆炸。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So we fire at them to defend the Prince of Wales rather than attend to our own safety. The only analogy I can think of to give an impression of the Prince of Wales in those last moments is of a mortally wounded tiger trying to beat off the coup de grace. Her outline is hardly distinguishable in smoke and flame from all her guns except the 14 inchers. I can see one plane release a torpedo. It drops nose heavy into the sea and churns up a small wake as it drives straight at the Prince of Wales. It explodes against her bows. A couple of seconds later, another explodes amid ships and another astern.
“我目睹她向左倾斜，船尾逐渐沉入水中，船上有人不断跳下来。就在此时，一声巨大的爆炸将我撞向舱壁，原来是厌战号左侧船尾被鱼雷击中。”接着，厌战号又遭受了几次鱼雷攻击，伙计加拉格尔随着船只一同下沉。然而，他被从水中救起并完成了报道，两天后这篇报道便登上了英国早晨的报纸。这场灾难导致800多人丧生，如果不是附近有驱逐舰营救幸存者，情况可能会更加糟糕。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Gazing at her turning over on the port side, with her stern going under and with dots of men leaping from her, I was thrown against the bulkhead by a tremendous shock as the repulse takes a torpedo in its port side stern. End quote. The repulse will take a few more and Gallagher will go down with the ship. Only to be fished from the water, file his story, and have it appear a mere two days later in the British morning papers. More than 800 men died and it would have been much, much worse had there not been destroyers nearby to pick up survivors.
英国的威尔士亲王号战舰上的海军上将随船沉没和溺水而亡。当温斯顿·丘吉尔被告知此事时，他表示这是整个战争中他受到的最大震惊之一。派出这两艘极为昂贵、技术先进、几乎不可能由大多数人制造的20世纪中期的“死星”战舰，仅仅击落了四到七架日本飞机。这意味着在海军作战中，成本与收益的比率发生了巨大变化，将引发军事事务的革命。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The British admiral on board the Prince of Wales went down with the ship and drowned. When told of this event, Winston Churchill says it was one of the biggest shocks he got in the entire war. The cost for sending these two ridiculously expensive, technologically sophisticated, nearly impossible for most people to build mid-20th century Death Stars between four and seven Japanese aircraft. That is a change in the cost to benefit ratio in naval combat that will create a revolution in military affairs.
我们还应该指出另一个使这点重要的角度，这与建造这些巨型船只所需的时间有关。例如，这些大型战列舰通常需要三到四年才能建成。即将成为重要船只的航空母舰则大约需要两到三年建造。但是，这仍然是一个相当长的时间。当尤利乌斯·凯撒在公元前54年入侵不列颠时，他说他在冬天建造了六百到八百艘船只。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
We should also point out another angle that makes this important, and that has to do with how long it takes to build these giant ships. For example, these big battleships take generally between three and four years to build. The aircraft carriers that are going to take over as the big important ships are more like two to three years to build. But that's a significant amount of time. When Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 54 BCE, he says he built a fleet of six to eight hundred vessels over the winter.
好吧，在建造时，尽管他们非常精巧，但如果你建造像那样的木制船只，也许还能做到这一点。但对于这些非常复杂的机器，它是一个过程。这意味着，与地面战争和空中战争不同，我是说，你绝不想在像不列颠之战那样的战斗中损失一支军队或空军，被消耗殆尽。这是你绝不想发生的事情。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Well, when you're building, although they were pretty sophisticated, but when you're building wooden vessels like that, maybe you can pull that off. But with these very sophisticated machines, it is a process. But what that means is, unlike land warfare and unlike air warfare, I mean, you never want to lose an army and you never want to lose an air force in something like the Battle of Britain, have it ground down to the nub. You never want that to happen.
但是，如果这并没有让你在战争中失败，那么在一年之内，大多数主要国家都会恢复类似的东西。当然，你无法重新打造失去的老兵经验和其他无形的损失。但在空军方面，人们可能会认为这是件好事，因为你用全新的装备替换了旧的东西，这还算是可以应对的。然而，海军作战则不同，因为建造大型军舰的周期很长。如果在一个下午损失四艘航空母舰，那将是毁灭性的，因为你为替换它们而建造的新舰很可能无法在这场战争中及时投入使用。因此，主要舰艇资产的价值会飙升，这些航空母舰会被视作象棋盘上的王后，需要精心保护。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
But if it doesn't lose you the war somehow, within a year, most of the top powers will have restored something like that. Now, you can't restore the veteran nature of the troops and whatnot that you lose. But in the Air Force, you might argue it might be a plus. I mean, you replace the old stuff with brand new stuff. But it's something that you can deal with. Naval warfare is different because it takes so long to replace these big ships that if you were to lose something like four aircraft carriers in an afternoon, that's devastating. Because the ships that you lay down to replace them probably won't be ready in time for you to use them in this war. So the value nature of the main fleet assets skyrockets, and all of a sudden these aircraft carriers are going to be seen as like queens on a chessboard. And they will need to be handled with care.
1941年12月10日，当这两艘主力战舰沉没时，全球事务中出现了一个极其奇怪且有趣的局面。我觉得有趣的是，关注这个局面的并不多，因为其蕴含的另类历史可能性实在是太疯狂了。但此时的世界还没有我们今天所理解的那种全面爆发的第二次世界大战。你有的是两场全球或可以说是半球范围的战争同时进行，涉及一些但不是所有相同的参战国，并且常常以不同的组合出现。比如，英国及其盟友（可以这样称呼），除了美国，正在和德国、意大利及其他较小的轴心国作战。而在12月7日、8日之后，他们也开始对抗日本。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Now, when these two capital ships go down, December 10th, 1941, you have a fantastically weird and interesting situation in global affairs going on. And I find it interesting that more attention isn't paid to it because the alternative history potential is just wild. But you don't have the Second World War going on as we understand it today yet. You have two global or maybe you could say hemispheric wars going on at the same time involving some but not all of the same participants and often in different combinations. For example, the British and friends, that's how I'll put it, the British and friends and allies without the U.S. are already fighting the Germans and the Italians and the smaller Axis powers. Now, after December 7th, December 8th, they're fighting the Japanese too.
德国人正在与英国及其盟友和朋友作战，同时也在与苏联作战。苏联人在与德国作战，但没有与日本作战。日本人没有与苏联作战，但正在与中国作战，并且现在攻击了英国和它的盟友，还攻击了美国。美国正在与日本作战，因为日本袭击了他们，但并没有与德国作战。不过，我们知道在东海岸有一场没有正式宣战的潜艇战争正在进行，美国通过尽力提供帮助在某种程度上突破了中立的界限。但美国与德国之间没有正式的战争，对吗？而且德国并没有轰炸珍珠港。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The Germans are fighting the British and allies and friends, and they're also fighting the Soviets. The Soviet Union are fighting the Germans, but not fighting the Japanese. The Japanese are not fighting the Soviet Union, but are fighting the Chinese and now have attacked the British and friends and now have attacked the United States. The United States is fighting the Japanese because the Japanese attacked them, but they're not fighting the Germans. Well, we know there's an undeclared sort of war going on with submarines on the East Coast and the U.S. is pushing the boundaries of neutrality by helping where they can. But there's no official war going on against the Germans, right? And the Germans didn't bomb Pearl Harbor.
你会看到这样一种奇怪的情况，可能会持续更长时间，想象一下如果这种情况继续下去会怎么样，是件很有意思的事情。回想一下当时美国的状况。当时是一个时期的尾声，我不太喜欢这样叫，但历史书中常常把这段时期称为美国的孤立主义时期。如果你看看民意调查的话，可以发现美国逐渐变得更倾向于干预主义了，但那是从一个低谷开始的。很多人不愿意卷入欧洲的战争。富兰克林·罗斯福此时已经是第三个任期，这在历史上是前所未有的。直到现在，我们依然没有一位总统超过两个任期。这让那些从不喜欢罗斯福的人感到担忧。他们会想，第三个任期了，他会不会一直不下台呢？
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So you have this weird situation that might have continued for quite a bit longer, and it's interesting to speculate how it might have gone had it continued longer. Because remember the state of affairs in the United States at this time. This is the end of the period, and I hate this, but it's often referred to in the history books as the isolationist period of American history. If you look at public opinion polls, it's definitely getting more interventionist, but I guess coming from a low point. There are a lot of people that don't want to go to war in Europe. Franklin Roosevelt, who is now in his third term, which is unprecedented. We still haven't had a president who's served more than two. And that worries people who never liked Roosevelt to begin with, right? He's like, you know, third term. Is he ever leaving office?
罗斯福在竞选时承诺不会派美国男孩去另一个欧洲战争中死去。结果，他赢得了总统职位，回到了白宫。那么，他会开始对德宣战吗？这不太可能，至少在没有更多准备的情况下不会。当时的局势可能会持续多久呢？他们都在互相争斗，真是让人难以想象。不过，在1941年12月11日，希特勒做出了一项决定，让仍在努力从两艘主力战舰被击沉的消息中恢复过来的温斯顿·丘吉尔感到震惊。他通过向美国宣战，解除罗斯福面临的所有压力，并解决了如果他真的想让美国参与欧洲战争的问题。砰。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Roosevelt ran on a platform that he wasn't going to send American boys to go die in another European war. Boom, he wins the presidency. He's back in the White House. And now he's going to go start a war against Germany. Not likely. At least not without much more setup. So how long could this state of affairs have continued where, you know, they're all fighting? I mean, it's wild to think about. On December 11th, 1941, though, in a move that must have, you know, put a little bit of a bomb on Winston Churchill still trying to recover from news of the, you know, sinking of those two capital ships. Adolf Hitler takes all the pressure off of Franklin Roosevelt and solves all his problems if he really wanted to get the United States into a European war, some think, by declaring war in the United States. Bam.
现在，我并不是说有一个充足的理由去证明这样的举动是合理的，但是如果不必要，为什么还要这样做呢？或许你这样做是为了得到什么，对吧？这让我想起历史上一些伟大的德国外交家。我是说，有史以来最伟大之一的奥托·冯·俾斯麦，是不是？他们甚至以他的名字命名了一艘战舰。他在希特勒活着的时期也曾在世。我无法站在足够高的层次去想象俾斯麦会怎么做，但我知道他绝对不会做的事情。他绝不会让德国卷入任何未能为德国带来实际利益的外交承诺。这非常不像他的风格，他从来不会做糟糕的交易。这就是个糟糕的交易，因为德国人从中得不到任何好处。他们会想要什么呢？哦，天哪，在这个时期，他们的生死关头就面临在莫斯科城外，对抗苏联。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Now, I'm not saying that there was an ample excuse to justify such a move, but why would you do it if you didn't have to? Well, maybe you get something for this, right? So this is what has me thinking back to some of the great German diplomats in history. I mean, one of the greatest of all times, Otto von Bismarck, right? They named the battleship after him. He was alive in Hitler's lifetime. I can't think on a level high enough to wonder what Bismarck would have done, but I know enough about him to know what he wouldn't have done. He would not have gotten Germany involved in any sort of diplomatic commitment that didn't offer something of tangible value to Germany. That would be extremely unlike him to ever make a bad deal. This is a bad deal because the Germans aren't going to get anything for it. What might they want? Well, my goodness, their life or death at this time period outside the gates of Moscow, right? Against the Soviet Union.
看一下地图。如果你是纳粹德国，会不会觉得如果日本从亚洲侧面攻击苏联，那就太好了？这样你就能把苏联夹在中间，从两面一同压制他们。但是，在整个战争期间，日本从来没有攻击苏联，尽管他们中许多人很想这样做。那么德国从中得到了什么好处呢？实际上，这对他们来说更加不利。因为美国和英国已经秘密地讨论过，如果战争爆发，他们将如何合作。彼此心知肚明地达成了一个原则协议：如果爆发战争，而我们参与到第二次世界大战这个大规模战争中，我们将首先对付德国。在历史书中，这种政策有几个不同的名称，有的叫它“德国优先政策”，也有的称为“欧洲优先政策”。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Go look at a map. Wouldn't it be wonderful if you're Nazi Germany to have the Japanese attack the Soviet Union from the, you know, from the backside, from the Asian side? And then you've got them in a vice and you can you can squish them between both sides. But the Japanese never attack the Soviet Union in this whole war, even though they kind of like to a lot of them. So what do the Germans get for all this? Well, it's an even worse deal because kind of quietly the U.S. and Britain have already had talks about what they might do should a war break out and we find ourselves working together. Wink, wink, nod, nod. And one of the things they agreed upon in principle was that if war breaks out and we're in the Second World War, this whole big war, we're going after Germany first. In the history books, there's a couple of different names for this policy. Some call it the Germany first policy. Others, the Europe first policy.
这段话的基本意思是同盟国同意将德国列为头号敌人。我们会把大部分的人力、资源、关注、资金和生命投入到打败德国上。完成这项任务后，我们会去从容不迫地打击日本。这个协议基本上要求在太平洋地区采取观望态度，直到德国被击败。年底会有一个会议来强化和具体化这一协议，这个会议叫做“阿卡迪亚会议”。值得一提的是，温斯顿·丘吉尔乘坐战舰来到美国，并有了一个精彩的时刻，很多美国人都爱上了丘吉尔式的方法。他去国会发表了著名的演讲，我这里尽量不说错，他说，他不禁想到，如果他的父亲是美国人，母亲是英国人，而不是反过来，那么也许他自己也能站在这里。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
But what it basically says is the Allies agree that the Germans are the number one enemy. We're going to concentrate the lion's share of manpower, resources, attention, money, and lives to defeating the Germans. And then after that's done, we will go over and grind the Japanese to powder at our leisure. The agreement basically calls for a holding pattern in the Pacific while the Germans are defeated. This will be reinforced and codified at a conference at the end of the year. It's called the Arcadia Conference, by the way. And Winston Churchill takes a battleship over to the United States and has his wonderful moment where a lot of Americans fall in love with the Churchillian approach. He goes to Congress and says those famous words. I'll try to not butcher it here. But he says, you know, I can't help but think had my father been American and my mother British instead of the other way around, I might have gotten here myself.
当然，每个人对此都很喜欢。他带着许多军事幕僚一起行动。他和罗斯福以及美英两国的幕僚们会晤，旨在筹划一个联合的军事战略。现在，让我稍微停一下，谈谈这件事有多难。想象一下，把你国家的军队置于另一个国家的指挥之下，无论以何种形式进行，这都是一件非常困难的事情。我是说，只要看看轴心国，就能明白这有多难。他们之间是盟友，日本现在也加入了。但他们能如何互相帮助呢？我意思是，他们之间距离如此遥远。比如说，不可能让德国国防军驻守日本的太平洋岛屿，同样，也不可能让日本帝国舰队跑到地中海去击沉英国战舰。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And, you know, everybody loves that. And he goes and he brings a lot of his military staff with him. And he and Roosevelt and the staffs of the United States and Great Britain meet for a putting together of a coalition military approach. Now, let me stop for a minute and talk about how hard this is to do. Think about putting your country's troops under the command of another nation in any way, shape and form. It's a very hard thing to do. I mean, just look at the Axis powers, for example, and see how hard it's going to be to do. They're allied to each other, right? Japan's in now. But what can they do to help each other? I mean, they're so far away from each other. You're not going to have Wehrmacht troops, as we said, guarding Pacific Islands for the Japanese. And you're not going to have the Imperial Japanese fleet cruising around the Mediterranean, sinking British battleships either.
但为他们辩护一下，要让这些联盟军事组织运作起来确实很难。因此，美国和英国在阿卡迪亚会议上所做的事情是非同寻常的。他们能够制定出一套如何打这场战争的安排。这过程中，让很多人心生不快，做出许多艰难的决策。然而，根据在场的丘吉尔的医生莫林勋爵的说法，丘吉尔对美国承诺的生产数字感到震惊，他甚至没有注意到那些不满的人。顺便说一下，我常常想到这个，因为我再次阅读时，一个类似的画面浮现在我脑海中。也许是因为我亲身经历过这种情况，所以我知道那是什么感觉，你们中许多人可能也有过类似的经历。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
But in their defense, it's hard to have these, you know, coalition military organizations work. So that's what makes what the U.S. and Britain do at the Arcadia Conference so monumental. They're able to craft an arrangement for how this war is going to be fought. And there are a lot of people whose noses get out of joint, a lot of hard decisions to be made. But according to Winston Churchill's doctor, Lord Morin, who was there, Churchill was simply overwhelmed by the production figures that the U.S. was promising. He couldn't even see any of the getting their nose out of joint part of this. And just so you know, I've often thought about this because I was reading again, and the image popped into my head of the analogy here. And maybe it's because I've actually lived this analogy, so I know how it feels like, but so have many of you.
这几乎就像美国人参与之前的战争努力，就像一家已经做大的创业公司。而那些一开始就参与其中的人，现在真的知道自己在做什么，他们为自己的工作感到自豪，诸如此类的事情。也就是说，这是指英国和盟军。毕竟，他们熬过了闪电战，现在表现得非常出色，他们帮助通过提供物资来支援其他许多国家继续参战。但是，他们已经几乎达到了极限，无论是从债务、资源、生产还是人民生活等方面来说。而美国就像是那个大投资者，带着大量资金加入，所以大家不得不听他们的意见。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
It's almost as if the war effort to date without the Americans is like a startup company that's gotten big. And the people who were in it at the beginning really know what they're doing now, and they're proud of their work and all these kinds of things. And that would be the British and the Allies and all this. I mean, after all, they survived the Blitz, and look at how well they're doing, and they're helping keep a lot of other nations in the war with supply. But they're, I mean, pushing to the end of their extremes, I mean, in terms of debt and resources and production and their own people's lives and all that kind of stuff. And the United States is like the big outside investor who comes in, got all the money, so you have to listen to what they say.
与此同时，对于那些已经在那里的老员工来说，有新来的人告诉他们该怎么做，无论他们带来了多少资金，都会有些让人不舒服。在这场战争中，美国的参与将非常显著，尤其是在太平洋地区，他们的存在会非常庞大。但正如莫林勋爵所说，丘吉尔所看到的只是美国将带来的所有坦克、飞机和军舰，这些将最终减轻英国在过去两年多的战争中一直承担的巨大负担。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
At the same time, it's a little bit galling to the people that have been there for some time to have these newbies come in and tell you how to do things, no matter how much money they're providing. The United States is going to have a very big footprint in this war, and in the Pacific, it's going to be overwhelmingly large. But as Lord Morin said, all Churchill could see was all the tanks, planes, and ships that the United States was going to bring to the table that was going to ease, finally, this huge burden that the British had carried, you know, throughout the entire two-plus years of the war so far.
在约翰·托兰德的书《旭日东升》中，他引用了丘吉尔的医生莫林勋爵的话，讲述了阿卡迪亚会议以及关于统一指挥等重大决策的达成。他写道，阿卡迪亚会议又持续了两周，虽然取得了不少成就，但一些英国人感到不满。现在引用莫林勋爵的话：“美国人已经如愿以偿，战争将从华盛顿统筹，”莫林勋爵在他的日记中写道，“但是他们将来最好不要这样不客气地对待我们。我们的人对这个决定非常不满，他们最多只同意尝试一个月。”
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
In his book, The Rising Sun, author John Toland quotes Churchill's physician, Lord Morin, about the Arcadia Conference and the agreements on unity of command and all the hard decisions that have been worked out. And he writes about it, quote, Arcadia lasted for another two weeks. Much had been accomplished, but some of the British left disgruntled. Now quoting Lord Morin, quote, The Americans have got their way, and the war will be run from Washington, Lord Morin wrote in his diary. But they will not be wise to push us so unceremoniously in the future. Our people are very unhappy about the decision, and the most they will agree to is to try it out for a month. End quote.
托兰德继续说道：“丘吉尔本人心情愉悦地回家了，对会议上达成的最终生产估计感到非常兴奋。1942年计划生产45,000辆坦克和43,000架飞机，而次年计划生产75,000辆坦克和100,000架飞机。”莫林评论道：“他对这些数字感到陶醉。”的确，如果你是一家刚刚避免被清算、勉强生存下来并努力寻找各种机会继续奋斗的初创公司，你可能也会对这样的生产数字感到陶醉。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Toland continues, quote. Churchill himself went home in great good humor, exulting over the final joint production estimates reached at the conference. 45,000 tanks and 43,000 planes in 1942, and 75,000 tanks and 100,000 planes the following year. Quote, He is drunk with the figures, commented Morin. End quote. Well, if you had been a startup company that avoided being liquidated already, getting by by the skin of your teeth, and looking for every rope to grab onto to continue the struggle, you might be drunk with the production numbers, too.
突然之间，英国人再也不需要为金钱和物资发愁了，因为“民主的军火库”将会提供这些，而忍受庞大的美国存在，将只是做生意的代价。在整个“阿卡迪亚会议”期间——值得指出的是，该会议从1941年12月一直持续到1942年1月——盟军在东亚和太平洋以及中太平洋地区的存在并没有增加，反而在迅速减少。日本人以令人震惊的速度占领了盟军的领地。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
All of a sudden, the British don't have to worry about money and stuff anymore because the arsenal of democracy is going to provide that, and having to put up with the enormous American footprint is just going to be the cost of doing business here. Now, the whole time this Arcadia Conference is going on, and I should point out it will stretch from December 1941 into the new year of January 1942, the Allied footprint in East Asia and the Pacific and all those Central Pacific areas isn't growing. It's shrinking by leaps and bounds. The Japanese are taking Allied possessions at a speed that is shocking.
从军事爱好者的角度来看，就像我之前说的那样，很难找到类似的例子，因为他们的行动似乎几近鲁莽，像多米诺骨牌一样连续展开。试着同步一些复杂的事件，你会发现有多么困难。现在想象一下，在这么短的时间内同步这么多复杂的事件。正如历史学家克雷格·L·西蒙斯所写的那样，即使只是试图在时间线上跟踪所有的征服都令人困惑，因为这些事件同时发生，互相重叠，且故事遍布亚洲和太平洋的广泛地区。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And from a military geek-out perspective, as I think I've said, it's hard to find anything like this because it appears almost reckless, the amount of operations that they have timed in an almost, like, domino-tumbling fashion. Try to sync up complicated events, and you'll see how tough it is. Now try to sync up so many complicated events in such a short period of time that, as historian Craig L. Simons writes, I can tell you that even trying to keep track of all the conquests on a timeline is confusing, because they go on at the same time, and they overlap, and you have stories happening across a wide range of Asian and Pacific territories.
我的意思是，举个例子，比如头几天会发生的情况。马来亚（现在的马来西亚）会遭到袭击，香港会被攻击，菲律宾会遭到袭击，吉尔伯特群岛会被袭击，塔拉瓦会被进攻，威克岛会被袭击，关岛会被攻击，马金岛会遭到袭击，泰国（当时叫暹罗）会被入侵，缅甸会被入侵，北婆罗洲也会被侵略。这些仅仅是在十二月发生的事情。接下来的一个月，他们将发动新一轮的征服，真是令人震惊。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I mean, take, for example, the first couple of days. You're going to have attacks in Malaya, which is now Malaysia. You're going to have Hong Kong attacked. You're going to have the Philippines attacked. You're going to have the Gilbert Islands attacked. You're going to have Terawa attacked. Wake attacked. Guam attacked. Macon Island attacked. Siam, which is now Thailand, invaded. Burma invaded. North Borneo invaded. And that's just in December. They're going to kick off another round of conquest the next month. It's astounding.
正如我所说，这几乎显得有些鲁莽，但同时又有某种大胆的震撼，不是吗？而且他们竟然成功了？他们的成功是我们之前提到的。人们一直在指指点点，因为总有各种错误、问题和战前关于最佳做法的不同理论，而这些在实战中得到了验证。我们在战前有过争论，比如说要不要设置防御，或者防御是否会让士兵缺乏攻击性。谁对谁错？在珍珠港之前，这只是个人的观点罢了。而随后，有些事情逐渐得到了验证。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
As I said, it almost appears reckless, but at the same time, there's a certain breathtakingness, isn't there, in the audacity of it all? And then to be successful? The fact they are successful, this has been something that I think we mentioned. People have been pointing fingers about all the time, because there's all sorts of mistakes and problems and all sorts of pre-war different theories on what the best thing to do is, which the acid test of combat settles, right? We have an argument here between the wars about, you know, whether or not there should be defenses or whether defenses make the troops less aggressive. Who's right? Who's wrong? Well, it's just one guy's opinion until Pearl Harbor, right? And then you begin to see some of these things worked out.
不幸的是，一如既往，付出代价的总是普通士兵。他们因为他人的低估、误判，甚至是因为一些今天看来显而易见的事情而受苦。参与这些决策的人中有些人可能因为种族偏见而不愿意相信日本人会是出色的战斗者，但当他们的出色表现再次显现时，受难的依然是前线部队的士兵。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Unfortunately, as always, it is the average soldier on the ground who gets to pay the price, right, for underestimations, misassessments, or even something that today seems so obvious, but that the racism of some of these people involved won't let them to assume that the Japanese are going to be as good fighters as they are, which means when they are, again, the troops on the ground suffer.
如我们所说，日本的三菱零式战斗机在这个地区不断击落布鲁斯特水牛战机。这不仅仅意味着那些可怜的飞行员被困在这些被称为“飞行棺材”的战机中付出了代价。当盟军没有战斗机掩护以保护地面部队时，零式战斗机会整天扫射。事实上，如果你查看盟军士兵在这段时期的原始资料，他们经常谈到日本飞机每天来几次扫射，造成混乱，并且日复一日地让人疲惫不堪，这一点很有趣。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
As we said, the Brewster Buffaloes that are being shot down by the Japanese Mitsubishi Zero fighter planes all over this region don't just mean that the poor pilots, it's stuck in those flying coffins, as they were sometimes called, pay the price. But then when there is no fighter cover for the Allies to defend the troops on the ground, those Zeros go strafing all day long. Matter of fact, the one thing, if you look at the primary source accounts from Allied soldiers during this first period, it's interesting how often they talk about the Japanese aircraft just coming around a few times a day and strafing up everything and shooting up everything, and the amount of chaos that causes, and on a day-to-day basis, how much it wears you down.
让我们记住，在这个区域的英帝国一方，可能会有一些经验丰富的老兵，但在菲律宾的美国人中，大多数人从未听过愤怒中射出的枪声。因此，当飞机不停地在空中轰炸和扫射时，很多人都是第一次看到伤亡，第一次面对死亡。这可能会让人感到有些不安。在香港，这种情况也会在许多小岛上重演。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And let's remember, there might have been some very veteran troops, for example, on the British Empire side of things in this area, but the Americans, for example, in the Philippines, most of those guys have never heard a shot fired in anger. So when these planes come overhead and bomb and strafe all the time, a lot of these people are seeing their first casualties and facing death for the first time. It could be a little unnerving. In Hong Kong, you have a situation that will be replicated in a bunch of these smaller islands.
请记住，香港比夏威夷的欧胡岛或毛伊岛都要小，不过却有大约一百五十万人居住在上面，因此人口密度很高。而且香港就在中国海岸附近，而在这个时期，那片海岸线是被日本占领的。对于这些小岛来说，很难抵挡决定性的攻击，因为它们被海洋包围，很容易受到猛烈轰炸。这也正是美国海军陆战队在战争初期守卫威克岛如此重要的原因之一，这成为了海军陆战队英勇事迹的一部分，也是他们著名的故事之一。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Remember, Hong Kong is smaller than the islands of Oahu or Maui and Hawaii, but they have like a million and a half people living on it, so it's a very densely populated place, but it's right off the coast of China, and that coastline, of course, during this time period, is occupied by the Japanese. All of these smaller islands are really tough to defend against determined attack, right, because you just surround them by the sea and pummel them. I mean, that's what makes the Wake Island defense by the U.S. Marines such a big deal early on in this war. It's one of the notches on the Marine Corps belt of heroism, by the way, one of their famous stories.
不过，我的意思是，他们得到的也是他们应得的。这就是说，当日本人出现时，那几百名海军陆战队员把他们打得落花流水，击毙了数百名入侵者。他们还击沉了一两艘驱逐舰，损坏了一艘轻巡洋舰。这对于每天醒来都面临噩耗接踵而至的美国人来说，是难得的一个好消息。这里沦陷了，那里被打败了，而就在这个小小的岛屿上，那几百名海军陆战队员竟然能带来一些好消息。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
But, I mean, they deserve what they get. I mean, there's a few hundred Marines who, when the Japanese show up, they blow them out of the water, kill several hundred invaders. They sink a destroyer or two, damage a light cruiser, and provide one of the few bright spots in American newspapers that Americans are waking up to every day to, you know, bad news after bad news. This falls. They're defeated here. And all of a sudden, on this tiny little island, a few hundred Marines are able to provide some good news.
好消息是，我读的一个历史学家曾经说过，这其实显然是美国媒体的宣传手段，试图制造一些好声势。他提到，当美国政府或军方给驻守威克岛的海军陆战队发电报，问他们是否需要支援时，据说海军陆战队回复说："是的，请多派些日本人（敌人）来"。这位历史学家认为，他们实际上不太可能真的想要更多的日本人，因为在美国还没有来得及进行任何救援或增援行动之前，很快就有更多日本人入侵了。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The good news, by the way, one of my historians that I read had said that this is obviously, you know, just the propaganda arm of the U.S. media trying to, you know, gin up some good stuff. And it says that when the American government or military cabled the Marines on wake and said, you know, do you need anything, the Marines reportedly sent a message back saying, yes, send more Japs. And the historian said it was very unlikely that they really wanted more Japanese, because after all, in a very short period of time, before the U.S. could mount any kind of rescue or reinforcement operation, they got more Japanese.
他们拥有航空母舰和压倒性的武力，但海军陆战队的弹药已经用尽。最终，他们被迫在这样的情况下投降。尽管他们为此获得了英雄主义的荣誉，但很多海军陆战队员为同样的结果付出了更多的生命代价，而在不同情况下可能不需要这么多牺牲。这种情况在日本最初的闪电战期间在整个地区都会反复出现，因为一批又一批的盟军士兵在面对现实情况时付出了比必要更多的代价。这就是香港当时的处境。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
They got aircraft carriers, an overwhelming force, and they were already the Marines running out of ammunition. So they end up having to capitulate in a situation where, and again, they've got this on the belt of heroism. So it wasn't for no reason, but a lot more Marines died for the same outcome than maybe would have had to in a different circumstance. I mean, this is something you're going to see replicated all over the region during this first Japanese blitzkrieg period, because you're going to have group of Allied soldiers after group of Allied soldiers in situations where they pay a much higher price than they would have had to had people been able to simply acknowledge the reality of the situation. This is the situation Hong Kong's in.
你希望回到1740年或1750年，那时候可能有英国和法国在交战。一个像英国指挥官或康沃利斯勋爵那样的人物会说：“香港是无法防守的，我们知道，他们也知道。所以我决定出去，把我的剑交给法国将军，并请求他照顾好平民。我们投降。这次我们没有胜算。希望下次会有好运，我们会再战。”由于各种原因，你不能这么做。其中首要原因是我们之前提到过的。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
You wish it's like 1740 or 50, and you have maybe the British and the French going at it, and the British commander or Lord Cornwallis-type figure says, well, Hong Kong's indefensible. We know it. They know it. So I'm going to go out, and I'm going to hand my sword to the French general, and I'm going to say, please take care of the civilians. We surrender. There's no way for us to win this time. Better luck next time. We'll get you. You can't do that for all sorts of reasons. Number one reason is something we talked about earlier.
英国人和美国人在最后的关键时刻有些不同的目标。不过，他们在很多方面意见一致。毕竟，这是20年内的第二次世界大战，他们一直作为正式的盟友或伪盟友一起合作。然而，在最后的关键时刻，温斯顿·丘吉尔——我们要理解，美国人往往忘记这一点——是一位政治家。在这个时期，他是英国政治舞台上非常非常保守的一派，比其他保守派更为保守。他的价值观和世界观完全属于19世纪，带有浓厚的维多利亚时代帝国观念。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The British and the Americans have sort of different goals at the very last fork in the road here. There's a lot of things they see eye to eye on. This is the Second World War in 20 years, after all, where they've been working together as either official allies or pseudo-allies. Nonetheless, at the very last fork in the road, Winston Churchill, who, let's understand, and Americans forget this, is a politician. He's a politician on the very, very, very conservative side of the British ledger during this time period. He out-conservatives other conservatives, and he is fully a man of the 19th century when it comes to his values and outlook and his Victorian empire sorts of views.
他是个想要维护大英帝国的人。在议会的另一边，有些人认为帝国这个概念不会持续太久，所以想要找到一个平稳过渡的方法。可是，像香港这样的地方，英国的声誉就成了关键。生活在那里的150万居民受英国政府的保护。香港是英国的一个皇家殖民地，这意味着英国的声誉岌岌可危。而声誉这个东西，确实是一种难以捉摸的东西，是不是？
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
He's a man who wants to preserve the British empire. He's got guys on the opposite side of parliament who are thinking that empire is a concept that's not going to last much longer, so how do you get a soft landing from it, right? But in a place like Hong Kong, British prestige is on the line. The people who live there, the 1.5 million civilians or whatever, are under the protection of the British government. That's a crown colony, which means that British prestige is at stake, and this prestige thing is a weird amorphous quality, isn't it?
在某种意义上，这是一种具体的存在，因为每一位研究殖民主义的历史学家都会将其视为支撑殖民统治的重要支柱之一。一个国家能够凭借从母国派来的少量军队，以及与当地精英达成的一些互惠协议来控制一个拥有几百万、甚至更多人口的国家，部分原因就在于涉及其中的声望。英国是有史以来最伟大的殖民帝国。这不仅仅是英国人民的自我评价，许多被统治的人民也有同样的感受，而这种感受对大英帝国的延续至关重要。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
It's something tangible in the sense that it's one of the things that every historian writing about colonialism will identify as one of the pillars holding up colonial domination because the reason a country can hold down a nation of many, many, many millions of people with a tiny little force from the mother country and some mutually beneficial deals with local elites is in part because of the prestige involved. The British are the greatest colonial empire that has ever been. And this wasn't just the self-opinion of the British people themselves. Many of the people that they governed felt the same way, and it was very important for the continuation of the British empire that they continue to feel this way.
在他的书《裕仁的战争》中，作者弗朗西斯·派克引用了后来被誉为新加坡国父的李光耀的一段文字，在这段文字中，李光耀谈到了马来亚被入侵前他们对英国的看法。李光耀写道，引用如下：“英国政府和社会的优越地位只是生活中的一个事实。毕竟，他们是世界上最伟大的人，拥有历史上规模最大的帝国，跨越所有时区，横跨四大洋和五大洲。在学校的历史课上我们学到了这些。我的父母和祖父母从小就让我相信，这就是自然的秩序。”
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
In his book, Hirohito's War, author Francis Pike quotes something written by the man who will later be hailed as the founding father of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew, where he talks about the view they had of the British before the invasion of Malaya. And Yew wrote, quote, The superior status of the British government and society was simply a fact of life. After all, they were the greatest people in the world. They had the biggest empire that history had ever known, stretching over all time zones, across all four oceans and five continents. We learned that in history lessons at school. I was brought up by my parents and grandparents to accept that this was the natural order of things. End quote.
如果他们的声望崩溃，这不是一个模糊不清的问题。这意味着生命的损失。在整个大英帝国中，非白人都在关注日本人打击他们认为是世界上最伟大民族的人。对一些在大英帝国统治下长大的人来说，这是对“伟大民族”的打击。这件事是温斯顿·丘吉尔在1949-1950年所著的书中提到的。在这个人力资源极度紧缺的时期，他希望调一些部队去印度，并告诉他写这封信的指挥官（他把这封信也刊登在自己的历史书中），说那些部队不需要装备齐全，因为他们的任务不是对付日本人。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
If their prestige were to somehow crumble, it's not an amorphous thing. It's going to mean lives. All over the British empire, non-white people are watching the Japanese punch the greatest people in the world, according to some of the people who grew up under British empire rule, in the nose. And it is something Winston Churchill, in the books that he penned in 1949-1950, he says in this time period when manpower is absolutely at a premium that he would like to divert some forces to India and then tells the commander that he's writing the letter to that he publishes in his own history that they don't have to be fully equipped to take on the Japanese because they're not there to take on the Japanese.
他们在那里负责处理印度人的任何叛乱。在这个时期，印度受到英国的统治，虽然他们是大英帝国的一部分。这是甘地崭露头角的时代，也是印度为争取独立的长期斗争变得更加激烈、愤怒和响亮的时代。作为一个老派的英国帝国支持者，温斯顿·丘吉尔希望确保这场战争的目标包括保护他对战后世界的愿景。而这并不是美国的优先事项之一。然而，在像香港这样的地方，这决定了为什么必须进行某种形式的抵抗。而事实也确实如此，香港有14,000或15,000名防御者。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
They're there to handle any revolts by the Indians who during this time period are under the control of Britain. They're part of the British empire, although they are. This is the era where Gandhi is rising to the fore. This is the era where the simmering and bubbling long-term Indian cry for independence is becoming much, much more heated and angry and loud. And Winston Churchill, as this, you know, old-fashioned British empire supporter, wants to make sure that the war aims in this conflict include protecting his vision of what he wants to outlive this war. And that's not really something that's part of the American priority list. In a place like Hong Kong, though, it determines why there has to be some sort of resistance put up. And there is. There's 14,000 or 15,000 defenders in Hong Kong.
可是这个岛实在太小了，而日本人在这片狭窄的水域上拥有压倒性的武力。他们控制了空中力量，也控制了海洋。在攻击香港后不久，他们又掌握了香港的供水系统。这就意味着一切都结束了。情况就像是进入了中世纪的围困状态，每个人都因缺水而面临死亡。这是一个无法接受的局面。于是，香港投降了。顺便说一下，这是在1941年的圣诞节。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
But it's such a tiny island and the Japanese have overwhelming force right over this little strip of water. They control the air. They control the sea. And very shortly after attacking Hong Kong, they get control of the water supply. And then it's game over. Then you're looking at a siege from the Middle Ages, right? And everybody dying of thirst. I mean, something ridiculous. And that can't happen. So Hong Kong is surrendered. By Christmas, by the way, 1941.
在当时的马来亚，也就是现在的马来西亚北部，有一个叫哥打巴鲁的地方，邻近泰国边境。这里是一个少见的设防海滩。在珍珠港事件发生之前的深夜，日本军队已经从两栖登陆艇上下来，开始进攻。他们在这里登陆，面对岸上的地雷、铁丝网、配有机枪的防御工事，以及对准海滩的火炮，完全是一副「拯救大兵瑞恩」中那种攻击防线的场景。在午夜时分，日本人就已经有四五千到六千士兵登陆，并开始进攻设防的海岸。这种情况在马来亚并不常见，因为日本人通常无需面对太多长期准备好的防御阵地，但在这个海滩上，他们确实遇到了这样的挑战。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
In Malaya, where Japanese troops are actually disembarking from their amphibious assault vehicles in the middle of the night before the Pearl Harbor attack even happens, they storm the beach at a place called Kota Baru in northern Malaya, now northern Malaysia, sort of up by the border with Thailand. They actually have a defended beach there, which will be rare in Malaya, where the Japanese won't have to face a lot of prepared or certainly long-term prepared defenses, but they're at this beach. And so the Japanese land four, five, six thousand guys in the middle of the night and run into landmines on the beach, barbed wire, pillboxes with machine guns, artillery sighted on the beach, the whole nine yards, right? It's like a mini-saving Private Ryan, storm the defenses kind of deal.
在他的书《新加坡保卫战》中，作者彼得·汤普森描述了这场突袭。在书中，他讲述了士兵们的经历，听起来就像是其他类似的进攻行动。首先，第一波士兵从海上的运输船冲上沙滩，他们拼命向敌人跑去，但很快就遇到了敌人的第一道防线。他们被地雷炸飞，遇到铁丝网时，不得不停下来处理铁丝网。他们趴在地上，因为有一片钢铁的风暴从他们头顶飞过。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
In his book, The Battle for Singapore, author Peter Thompson recounts this storming, and in it, he has the troops, I mean, it really does sound like all these similar kinds of assaults, because what happens is the first wave sort of storms onto the beach from the ships at sea, the transports, and they run as fast as they can toward the enemy, and then eventually they run into the first line of defenses. They're getting blown up by the landmines, but when they run into like the barbed wire, they all have to stop for a minute and start working on the barbed wire, so they go right to the ground because there's a storm of steel flying over their head, right?
但是结果是，从运输工具上下来的下一波士兵也会做同样的事情。他们冲过海滩，然后不得不停在前一波士兵停下的地方，这就导致了一个拥挤的效果。如果炮兵开始向这些趴在地上的人的中央投放炮弹，那么他们就将面临巨大的危险。汤普森描述了这样一个事情，有趣的是，这种事情有时会被写进历史书中：有一名日本士兵以自杀性的方式扑到其中一个碉堡的观察孔上，这样里面的机枪手就暂时看不见了，因为士兵的身体挡住了视线。这名日本士兵为了让他的战友能够用刺刀和手榴弹进入碉堡并清除敌人，而无畏地牺牲了自己的生命。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
But what ends up happening is then the next wave disembarking from the transports does the same thing. They run across the beach and then they have to stop where the previous wave stops, so you start to get this bunching up effect where the artillery is just going to have a field day if it can start dropping shells into the middle of this, you know, crowd of prone men. Thompson recounts how, and this is the kind of thing that interestingly enough makes it into history books sometimes, how one Japanese soldier suicidally throws himself over the vision slit in one of these pillboxes so that the machine gunner inside can't see for a minute because there's a body blocking the view so that the Japanese who's just suicidally sacrificed his life his buddies can go into the pillbox with bayonets and hand grenades and clear the thing out.
这是对一些盟军部队的确认，我们应该记住，这是历史上第一次英美军队与日军作战。在这过程中，有很多传言和评估，同样地，英国部队在10号那天搭乘的两艘主力舰被击沉，他们也因此发现自己对日本军事实力的许多假设都是错误的。而现在，与日本军队交战的地面盟军部队也在验证这些猜测。一些谣言是真的，日本军队确实十分狂热，他们比你能想到的任何其他主要军队都更加愿意牺牲自己的生命。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
This is a confirmation for some of these allied troops and we should remember this is the first time in history you've had either Anglo or American troops fighting Japanese forces so there's a lot of myths and assessments and, you know, in the same way that the British forces on board those two capital ships that were sunk on the 10th get to find out how many of their assumptions about Japanese capabilities are wrong. Allied forces on the ground get to find this out now that they're locking horns with Japanese forces too. Some of the rumors are true. They are fanatical. They are more willing to lay down their lives than any other army, any other major army certainly you can think of.
彼得·汤普森的故事是一个例子，说明了一位将军如何可能计划像箭一样使用士兵的生命。这很有趣，因为我读过各种关于这方面的想法，包括是什么原因导致这种情况，以及它在军事上的作用。首先，我们曾经花了一些时间讨论日本在责任、忠诚和愿意献身等方面的文化独特性，甚至包括自杀。然后，进入一个现代政府带有极权主义色彩的时代，它将这种精神与古老的武士道精神结合在一起，鼓励人们愿意为国家牺牲自己的生命。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
That Peter Thompson story is an example of how a general maybe can actually plan to use the lives of his soldiers that way like an arrow in his command quiver and it's been very interesting reading some of the various ideas about, you know, both what accounts for this and what it does in the military sense. First of all, we had spent some time earlier discussing how there was already a long Japanese cultural uniqueness when it comes to duty and loyalty and willing to sacrifice one's life and all these kinds of things and suicide even but then you get this era with this modern government with this tinge of totalitarianism involved that sees this as a way to infuse an ancient samurai spirit with a willingness to lay down your life.
这是一个融合了新旧观念的情况，所有士兵都认为这是他们应该做的事情，并且要心甘情愿、毫不犹豫地去做。历史学家埃里克·贝热雷特在他的分析中提到，这种事情是西方军队绝对不会做的。他们绝不会遵循一个没有出路、自杀式的命令。他写道，日本人对死亡的极度崇拜是独特的，并且几乎危险地接近于一种遗忘的崇拜。这与西方理解的武士代码的本质有冲突。在西方，战争中的死亡只有在有意义的情况下才有价值。士兵被要求在战斗中冒生命危险，而不是去自杀。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
It's a fusion of old and new ideas that creates a situation where the expectation level is amongst all these soldiers that this is something you're expected to do and willingly and without hesitation and historian Eric Bergeret in his rundown says this is something that western troops simply would not do. They simply would not follow an order that was suicidal and gave them no way out. He writes quote The extreme veneration of death of the Japanese was unique and came dangerously close to becoming a cult of oblivion. It struck at the very nature of the warrior code as understood in the West. In the West death in war had value only if it had purpose. Soldiers were asked to risk their lives in battle not commit suicide.
一位军官故意将他的士兵置于没有生存希望的境地，在西方军队中是不会被服从的。接着，他谈到了欧洲花了几个世纪才发展出的荣誉投降准则，并指出这种在欧洲被理解的投降规则有助于防止最严重的暴行，并且对双方都有好处。士兵投降后可以保命，而你也不必派遣更多的士兵去将他们全部消灭。因此，这是一种互惠互利且长期被认可的军事习俗。但伯热雷认为，日本人将此视为软弱的表现。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
An officer intentionally putting his men in a position where they had no reasonable chance of survival would not be obeyed in a Western army. End quote. He then goes on to talk about the centuries of time it took to develop the code of honorable surrender and how this surrender code that was understood in Europe helped prevent the worst of the atrocities and was good for both sides. You got to save the men who were surrendered lived. You didn't have to spend more troops killing them all off. So mutually beneficial understood long-term military custom and Bergeret says the Japanese saw this as a sign of weakness.
贝尔热特提到了另一个有趣的观点。他认为那些被推到战争前线的普通日本士兵在某种程度上也是受害者。我们经常讨论那些被历史齿轮碾压的人，对吗？很多二战时期的军人出生在特定的时间和地点，正是这些极端的环境让他们不得不以某种方式行事，而他们的选择常常非常有限。而且更重要的是，有时候他们甚至没有意识到自己的选择有限，因为他们在一个充满传统和社会奖惩的环境中长大，这些因素让他们走上了这样一条道路，这就像我们都带着文化的眼罩一样。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Bergeret says something else that's interesting. He portrays the average Japanese soldiers put into these positions as almost a victim too and we've talked endlessly haven't we about people who get caught in the gears of history right? The place you're born in the time you're born in a lot of people in all these Second World War armies are just human beings put in extreme situations where they're expected to behave a certain way and they often have limited options. What's more sometimes they don't even see that they have such limited options because they were raised in an environment with customs with carrots and sticks in their society that sort of set them on a path like we all have with cultural blinders on.
换句话说，这些日本士兵可能确实是受害者，但他们自己未必这样认为。Bergeret写道：“在战略层面上，日本军队在南太平洋并没有进行明显自杀式的行动。据我们所知，他们尽力撤离孤立的部队，并在情况需要时撤退。” 但在战术层面上，他写道，情况则截然不同。日本士兵屡次在形势对他们的部队极其不利时战斗，这对盟军造成的些微延误几乎从未有真正的意义。实际上，这更像是一场无理由的相互厮杀，唯一的理由是履行他们所理解的士兵荣誉。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
In other words these Japanese soldiers may indeed be victims but they may not have seen themselves that way. Bergeret writes quote The Japanese army did nothing blatantly suicidal on the strategic level in the South Pacific. As we shall see it went to great lengths to evacuate isolated units and retreated when conditions demanded it. Tactically he writes the situation was very different. Time after time Japanese soldiers fought when circumstances for the unit involved were hopeless. The slight delay caused to the allies almost never had genuine purpose. It was an exercise rather in mutual bloodletting that had no reason beyond fulfilling the requirements of soldierly honor as the Japanese saw it.
成千上万的人因此毫无理由地死去。这是一种政治谋杀，大多数受害者穿着日本军装。通过打破光荣投降所提供的脆弱约束，作者写道，日本人为毫不留情的战争敞开了大门。正如我们稍后将讨论的，他们的澳大利亚和美国对手在新规则下表现得相当出色。通过事后观察，现在可以在日本最初进攻时攻占的地方看到这种无情战争的迹象。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Thousands of men perished consequently for no reason. It was a form of political murder. Most of the victims wearing Japanese uniforms. By breaking down the fragile restraint afforded by honorable surrender he writes the Japanese opened the floodgates for war without mercy as we shall examine later their Australian and American opponents proved rather good at the new rules. End quote. You can see the war without mercy element on display with hindsight now in the first places that fall to the Japanese during this initial offensive.
事实上，正如我们之前提到的，你可以在更早的年头看到中国的这种现象，而盟军也是在香港失守时才第一次亲身经历。当时已经开始传出日军处决战俘的暴行或谣言。随着更多地方陷落，这些传闻将愈演愈烈。1941年12月8日，12月7日国际日期变更线的另一侧，日军在哥打巴鲁登陆，迅速向内陆推进，再次在泰国和马来西亚另一侧的海岸登陆。日军迅速沿着马来半岛两侧进军。马来半岛绵延600英里，两侧是丛林，中间有一座山脉。在这个长达600英里的半岛的尽头，也就是与日军位置相对的另一端，是新加坡这座如东部直布罗陀般闻名的堡垒之岛。许多不太了解内情的人，将此地视为在最糟糕的情况下阻止日军的希望寄托。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
In fact as we've already talked about you see it in China years before this but the allies get a first-hand taste of it even when Hong Kong falls and there are already going to be atrocities or rumors begin to leak out of the Japanese executing POWs and whatnot. Those rumors will get stronger as the number of places that fall continues to pile up. That Japanese landing at Kotobaru on December 8th 1941, December 7th 1941 on the other side of the international dateline will quickly be followed by an advance inland, another landing that goes into Thailand and then goes to the other coast of Malaya and very quickly the Japanese begin conquering their way down both the long coast of the Malayan peninsula, right? 600 miles long jungle on both sides with a mountain range sort of running down the middle and at the very tip of this 600 mile long peninsula on the opposite end of the peninsula from where the Japanese are now is the fortress island. of Singapore, the Gibraltar of the east as some call it, and the place where so many who really don't know the inside scoop are placing their hopes for a worst-case scenario of stopping the Japanese there.
当然，很多人认为日本人不可能接近新加坡，因为马来亚驻扎了大量的盟军部队，可以在原地阻止日本人。然而，日本军队却突破了这些防线。在战争的这一阶段，很多案例中，作为盟军指挥官在纸面上看到的那些貌似能够进行良好抵抗的部队，和地面上的实际情况差距很大。这种情况在菲律宾也会发生。顺便提一下，菲律宾的某些岛屿几乎与珍珠港事件同时遭到入侵。日本人会进行多次登陆，有时这周一个，下周又一个，甚至很难跟上他们的登陆频率。总部指挥官们往往远离前线，他们以为这些部队可以在海滩上抵抗日本人。然而，多本专注于菲律宾冲突早期阶段的书籍指出，许多士兵都是新组建的，这些被期待在海滩上对抗经验丰富的日军登陆部队的士兵，甚至从未见过他们需要用来保卫海滩的武器和弹药。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Of course, there's a lot of people thinking of the Japanese aren't going to get anywhere near Singapore because there's lots of allied troops here in Malaya to stop the Japanese right where they are, and then the Japanese start blowing through them. Like in so many of these cases in this phase of the war, what you see on paper if you're a general on the allied side where you see these units that look like they should be able to put up a good fight has very little connection to what's actually on the ground. you'll see this in the Philippines too, which by the way will be invaded, the first islands will be invaded almost simultaneously with the Pearl Harbor attacks, and then the Japanese will have landings, you know, one this week, another week you'll have another, I mean, you can't even keep track of all the landings they do, but there are going to be forces there that the commanders, you know, sitting back miles and miles and miles away at headquarters think these units are going to be able to resist the Japanese on the beach, when as several of these books that have nothing to do except talk about these early stages of the Philippine conflict point out, a lot of these soldiers were newly raised and a lot of these units expected to defend the beaches against these veteran Japanese landing forces had never even seen the weapons or the ammunition that they were expected to use to defend the beach.
他们第一次看到这种情况时，日本人已经在海岸边了。这会怎么发展呢？结果并不理想。日本人在菲律宾登陆，开始向内陆推进，你没办法跟踪这些失败，原因之一就是日本人在初次登陆后不断在新的地点部署军队。空中和海上的控制就是给了他们这种自由，对吧？同时也限制了盟军很难轻易为自己的部队增援、补给，在最糟糕的情况下很难撤出自己的部队。在马来亚，英帝国还有一些选择，但美军的处境则截然不同。因为日本人不会允许这个地区有任何的补给，包括派遣新部队和像敦刻尔克那样撤离已经在那里的部队。所以在12月的第一个星期之后，菲律宾的美军，人数大约在14,000到16,000之间，实际上就如同被围困了一样。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
First time they saw it is when the Japanese are right offshore. How's that going to work? Didn't work out well. The Japanese landed in the Philippines. They start moving inland and again you can't keep track of the defeats and a lot of these defeats are because the Japanese keep landing troops after the initial landings in new places. This is what control of the air and the sea gives you the freedom to do, right? While at the same time denying the allies the freedom to easily reinforce their own troops, easily supply their own troops or in the worst situations easily evacuate their own troops. In Malaya, the British Empire has a few options but the American forces and there's between like 14,000 and 16,000 American troops in the Philippines, for all intents and purposes they might as well be under siege after about the first week in December because the Japanese aren't going to be letting any resupply in that area including no new troops and no Dunkirk-like evacuation of the ones who are there.
这对那些部队来说意味着什么呢？这意味着，从广义上讲，他们将面临与英国驻扎在马来亚的帝国军相似的命运——不断被逼退、遭到包抄，不得不不断后撤防线，以免被包围和消灭。很快，英国帝国军在马来亚以及菲律宾的菲律宾和美国军队都会发现自己处于一种绝境中，就像在一个堡垒里，被护城河围绕。在马来亚，这个堡垒是新加坡要塞；在菲律宾，则是科雷吉多尔岛。在菲律宾，情况稍有帮助的是，美国人拥有一些坦克，这是好事，因为日本人也有坦克。在马来亚，日本也有坦克，但那里的英国帝国部队没有装备坦克。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Well, what does that mean for those troops? It means that they're going to have the same thing in a broad sense happen to them that are going to happen to the British Imperial forces in Malaya which is they're going to be continually pushed back, outflanked, and forced to continually pull the line, you know, backwards to keep from being surrounded and destroyed and in short order they will both, the British Imperial troops in Malaya and the Filipino and American forces in the Philippines find themselves sort of like in a last-ditch situation off the very coast of the place they're supposed to defend in a castle with a moat-type situation in Malaya it will be the fortress city of Singapore, in the Philippines it will be the island of Corregidor. In the Philippines though, and it helped quite a bit, the Americans had some tanks, which was a good thing because the Japanese had tanks too. In Malaya the Japanese also had tanks, but none of the British Empire forces did.
在马来亚没有盟军的坦克，而日军的坦克其实并不算好，非常普通，但如果不用面对其他坦克，而对方的反坦克武器又有限且效果不佳的话，日军坦克就会变成超级武器。可以这么说，对方的反坦克武器数量少且效果差。日军有一种炮，叫做两磅炮，相当于我们美国人说的37毫米炮。在这个时期，这种炮已经过时，但更好的武器刚刚问世。我的意思是，战争进行了几年后，大家才意识到需要配备一些真正有效的反坦克武器。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
There are no Allied tanks in Malaya, and the Japanese tanks are not great tanks at all, very mediocre, but they become super weapons if they don't have to face other tanks and if the anti-tank weapons on the other side are limited and ineffective, that might be a good way to put it, not numerous, limited and ineffective may be a better way to put it. They have a gun called the two-pounder which is about a 37-millimeter gun for we Americans. During this period, it's obsolete, but the better stuff is just coming down the pike. I mean, there were a couple of years of war that had to happen before everyone realized, wow, we're going to have to have some really good anti-tank weapons.
你知道，设计有延迟，还有投产、测试等环节。所以，我是说，好东西正在路上，但即使好东西到达了，它也会被运到最需要它的地方，比如对抗在北非的德国坦克。这时候有一些两磅炮确实发挥了很大的作用，但数量还是不够。而其他的一些反坦克武器就像是装上钢弹的大步枪。就是说，这些武器并不是理想的选择。换句话说，你不得不非常接近坦克才能有效使用这些武器。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And, you know, there's a design lag and all that and putting it into production and testing and all that. So, I mean, the good stuff is on the way, but even when the good stuff arrives, it goes to places that need it against, you know, German tanks in North Africa, maybe. So there are some two-pounders which give great service, but there's not enough of them. And a bunch of the rest of the anti-tank weapons are like glorified big rifles with steel bullets. I mean, they're not the kind of thing. Let's put it this way. You have to get so dang close to a tank to use the thing effectively.
当然，坦克除了大炮之外，通常还配备有多挺机枪。当你使用武器但没有击毁坦克时，这就像是敲击坦克的侧面，并仿佛在说：“顺便说一下，我就在你后面，如果你有任何原因想干掉我。”不过呢，一次又一次，大家都知道，“英雄主义”这个词有点奇怪。我不是一个崇尚军事的人，我不相信军事英雄主义。我相信的是，人类有时候会置身于极端境地。我相信人类的英雄主义，通常情况下，军人会像其他从事危险职业的人一样，置身于这样的英雄境地。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And a tank, besides the big gun, of course, usually has multiple machine guns. And when you use the weapon and don't knock out the tank, it's a little like knocking on the side of the tank and saying, by the way, I'm right here behind you if you need to kill me for any reason. But over and over again, you know, there is so much heroism is a weird word. I'm not a military glorification person. I don't believe in military heroism per se. I believe, as I said earlier, that human beings find themselves in extreme positions sometimes. And I believe in human heroism and oftentimes because, well, like a lot of other people with dangerous jobs, the people in the military are in positions where, all right, you're in one of these heroic human situations.
菲律宾、香港以及其他岛屿上的部队，包括马来亚的部队，正在面对不公平的战斗。一开始，他们就像是被绑住一只手，再过不久，情形更严重，仿佛两只手都被绑住。在菲律宾，他们面临的问题是饥饿。一旦撤退到科雷希多岛，最终他们将没有足够的食物，而又无法补给。因为日本人控制着空中和海上的补给线路。在马来亚，问题更在于疲惫，因为同样的部队日复一日地持续战斗，精疲力竭。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And the troops in the Philippines and Hong Kong and these other islands, and of course in Malaya too, are not fighting a fair fight. They have one hand tied behind their back initially and two hands behind their back soon. In the Philippines, it's going to be a question of starvation. Once they retreat back to Corregidor, eventually they're not going to have enough food and there's no way to get a lot more to them. Can't resupply them. Japanese control the air and sea lanes. And in Malaya, it's going to be more a question of exhaustion because the same troops are going to be fighting day after day after day in Malaya.
他们将会一再进行断后行动。你知道这是什么意思，对吧？这有点像一个超级英雄独自站出来，让其他队友继续前进，而自己则努力抵挡住成千上万的外星人，尽管这是一种自杀式的举动，但它让其他队友有机会在之后继续战斗。想起来特别可怕，因为通常你需要进行断后行动的唯一理由是，敌军太强大了，以至于你的队友不得不撤退。因此，这种被称为"阶段性撤退"的战术，将会成为盟军在马来亚和菲律宾这两个地区的主要作战手段。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
They're going to be doing rear guard action after rear guard action. And you know what those are, right? It's a little like when the one superhero, you know, tells the rest of the team to go on and by themselves tries to hold off the 10,000 aliens in a suicidal move, but it allows the rest of the team to fight again another day. It's a particularly scary thing to think about it because most of the time the only reason you need to rear guard action is because this army you have to hold off for your buddies was so strong your buddies had to leave. So these things that are also called phased withdrawals are sort of the number one tactical maneuver you'll see done by the allies in both these areas, Malaya and the Philippines.
日军的坦克将在马来亚帮助他们一次又一次地突破试图设立的一道道防线。他们经常在夜间作战。日军喜欢在夜间作战，这是一个极好的平衡手段。他们不仅在陆地上这样做，在海上也是如此。在二十世纪四十年代中期美国人开始使用先进雷达之前，日军可能是你在夜间最不想遇到的海军。他们训练有素，非常擅长夜战。夜战十分可怕，因为所有在光天化日下战场上常见的紧张、恐惧和不确定性在夜间变得更加严重。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And it will be the Japanese tanks in Malaya that will allow them to burst through these attempts to hold some kind of line over and over again. And they do it often at night. The Japanese like to fight at night. It's a wonderful equalizer. They do it on land. They do it at sea. They are probably until the really good radar starts showing up to the Americans in the mid 1940s changing the game a little bit. They're probably the Navy you least want to face in a night encounter. Very well trained. Very good at night. It's very scary to fight at night because all of the normal panic and scariness and uncertainty that plagues a daytime well-lit battlefield gets much worse at night.
在所有参加第二次世界大战的主要军队中，我认为日本军队是最热衷于近身格斗的。他们对这种战斗方式非常着迷并且喜欢使用。虽然像英国军队中的廓尔喀士兵这样的一些特殊精锐部队也喜欢近身格斗，但他们并不是战争中的主要参与者。相比之下，日本作为一个轴心国力量，更愿意并积极参与近身战斗，并将其作为一种重要的战斗手段。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The Japanese also probably the I would say I would say of all the armies that fought in the Second World War major forces right states the Japanese are the most enamored and like hand-to-hand combat the most. You can find individual groups Gurkhas which are a special elite force in the British Empire Army for example they like hand-to-hand combat too but it's not like one of the major players in the war and access power the Japanese will engage and look forward to and keep hand-to-hand combat as something in their tool belt in a much more you know upfront fashion.
这段文字讨论了带着武士刀上战场的将军和军官，这体现了一种复古的精神。虽然在现代这不常见，但却产生了某种心理影响。虽然很难具体描述这种影响，但有许多心理学视角的优秀书籍（通常由军事心理健康专家撰写）探讨了战斗中杀戮的影响。其中一个理论认为这种影响与距离密切相关——离目标越远，杀戮越容易，对心理的伤害也越小。例如，从几英里外用炮火攻击或从1万英尺高空投弹，与面对面地在50码外开枪，或用刺刀近距离搏斗乃至扼杀有着截然不同的心理影响。而日本军队在夜袭和肉搏战中的这种倾向，在太平洋战争中特别常见。美国士兵在岛屿间隔离的黑暗战壕中遇到的这些夜袭场景，常常宛如一场恐怖电影。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I mean we're talking about generals and officers who go into battle carrying samurai swords so there's a there's a little bit of a throwback ethos involved but by this era when people don't do that very often there's a psychological effect. I don't know that I could put a finger on what the effect is but there are some great books written from a psychological perspective often by military mental health professionals talking about the effect of killing in combat and one of the theories is that this is heavily influenced by proximity so the farther you are away from the person you're you're killing the easier it is to do and the less damage it does to you psyche wise you can shell them from miles away with artillery for example or drop bombs from 10,000 feet and it's one thing having to shoot them in the face from 50 yards away is another thing having to use a bayonet on them or strangle them at close range is a is a different thing altogether and the combination of the Japanese penchant for both night attacks and hand to hand combat is one of those unique not unique because you could run into this in any front of the war but you had the best chance of running into it in a place like the Pacific and some of these nighttime encounters that U.S. troops for example would deal with in these foxholes in these pitch black you know areas around the islands where they were separated from the other foxholes and the Japanese would launch a night attack and dive into these foxholes with bayonets it is like a horror movie.
除了突然袭击，在马来亚战场上还有其他有效的策略。我们也必须指出，如果不提到此点将属失职，那就是日军那时在将领方面确实遥遥领先，尤其是在马来亚。比如山下奉文将军，他表现出色；在菲律宾还有大隈将军，他也很出色，尽管他有时会犯一些错误。不过，对面的将领是道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟将军，他也常犯错误。
真正让人感到棘手的，尤其是在马来亚和菲律宾这样的地方，是日军巧妙的迂回能力。他们会在地面上机动灵活，当遇到盟军的路障时，他们会穿过丛林进行迂回，威胁包围盟军。这使得盟军不得不后撤以避免被包围，这意味着原先准备好的防线需要重新调整，工作和准备都会因此白费，又必须退到下一道防线。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The other thing that will work well in Malaya besides the surprise attacks and we should also point out because we would be remiss if we did not the fantastic generals on the Japanese side at this point they certainly have a lead in that especially on Malaya that's that's General Yamashita and he's awesome and you have Hama in the Philippines and he's great too he makes you know a few blunders but then again the guy on the other side is General Douglas MacArthur and he makes a few blunders too the real killer though in a place like Malaya and the Philippines is the Japanese ability to outflank they do it on land by running into the jungle anytime they're held up by an allied roadblock and infiltrating around and threatening to surround allied forces so then the allied forces have to pull back to avoid being surrounded so that means your line is moving back and all the work you did to prepare it and get it ready is wasted because now you have to pull back to the next line of defense.
但是，真正让他们受挫的是日本人能自由利用海洋。听起来有些随意，但他们确实做了一些事情，现在看来很像即兴发挥。在我成长的年代，人们普遍认为这些都是计划的一部分。而我也听过一些混合理论，认为两者都有。日本人会收集他们在马来亚发现的每辆自行车，或者是他们自己带来的，然后骑着这些自行车沿着马来亚的几条主要道路快速前进，甚至可以在丛林小道上骑行。他们还会征用停泊在码头或拖上沙滩的渔船、小艇、登陆艇，或任何能找到的小船，尽量多地装上10、20、30名士兵，然后沿着海岸开上几英里，再在盟军防线后登陆，可能是在晚上，造成极大的混乱。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
But what really kills them is by not controlling the sea the Japanese are able to use and it sounds like an improvisation there's a couple of things they do that sound now like improvisation which when I was growing up it was assumed was all part of the plan and I've heard hybrid theories where it's a little of both. The Japanese will like take everybody's bicycles that they find in Malaya or bring them with them again that's the old theory and start riding down the few main roads in Malaya making great progress they can even go down some of the jungle paths on those things they will also pick up every little fishing boat or skiff or landing craft or anything they can get their hands on tied up at a dock or pulled up on the beach throw as many soldiers as they can 10 20 30 into this fishing boat and just take a little joy ride down the coast a few miles and then disembark them behind allied lines maybe at night causing crazy chaos.
请记住，这里的条件使情况更容易发生，不仅仅是夜间的因素，地形也起着关键作用。在丛林中很难看清东西，这些山阻碍了视线，暴雨令人难以置信。我一直没有强调这一点，但它对所有事情都产生了巨大的影响，从遮挡视线到影响士气。想象一下，在倾盆大雨中，夜晚日军的坦克可能突然出现在你面前，而士兵们在马来亚和菲律宾几乎没有遮蔽，这种暴雨可以持续好多天。想象一下不断进行后卫战，失去战友，永远没有休息的机会，当你终于停下来时，不是休息，而是要尽快建立本该在战前建好的防御工事，这是作战中的一个失误或严峻考验。因此，你已经精疲力竭了。如果是华氏72度的宜人气候，这可能还好受些，但你已经在雨中呆了两三天。可以理解为何马来亚的人们开始崩溃，他们因疲惫不堪而崩溃。与菲律宾不同，英国可以给马来亚增援，尽管他们在多地作战，无法到处派兵，但增援会一点点地到达。却没能让他们适应气候，也没等到下一批运送补给的船到达，去形成一个强大的机动后备力量。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And remember the conditions here make that more likely it's not just a question of the nighttime stuff the terrain plays a factor it's hard to see things in jungles these mountains are in the way the rain is incredible and I have not brought that up enough because it plays a huge role in everything from obscuring sight the Japanese tanks could be on you at night in the driving rain to making the morale of the troops just sag more we have to remember these soldiers in Malaya and the Philippines are rarely undercover this rain is torrential and can go on for days imagine fighting rear guard action after rear guard action losing your buddies never getting a chance to rest by the time you finally stop instead of resting you have to build defenses as quickly as you can which should have been built before the war but that's one of the screw-ups or acid tests of combat so there you are just dying and it would be awful if it were 72 degrees and wonderful shirt sleeve weather instead you've been out in the rain for two or three days you can see why the people began to fall apart in Malaya they fall apart from exhaustion and unlike the Philippines the British can get some reinforcements into Malaya they can't spare troops anywhere because they're fighting in a bunch of places but the reinforcements will come in in dribs and drabs a little at a time and instead of allowing them to get acclimated to the climate to wait till the next ship with all their stuff arrives to form a nice mobile reserve that we can.
在关键时刻投入战斗，他们被迅速投入到惨烈的战争中，这导致他们筋疲力尽。当日本军队向新加坡推进，而盟军也撤退到新加坡时，盟军的人数是日本的好几倍，但他们已经大不如前，没有休整和补给，他们无法继续战斗。他们需要有人帮助守住防线以便他们得以休整。丘吉尔在谈到这次战役时，可能最为经典地表达了这种情况。无论你喜欢还是不喜欢他，这个人在措辞方面确有一套。他谈论的是较小的力量如何击败较大的力量。在他的文字中，“堤道”相当于连接新加坡与大陆之间的桥，但它比普通桥更牢固。他写道：“由于我们在其他地方的紧迫需要，导致日军掌握制空权，这是一个致命的因素，与当地指挥官没有关系。我们派驻新加坡的主要防御力量，以及在日本宣战后派去的几乎所有增援部队，都在半岛上进行了英勇战斗，而当他们跨过堤道，来到应该是他们决战的战场时，他们的战斗力已经消耗殆尽。在这里，他们与当地驻军和大量后勤人员汇合，这增加了我们的数量，但未能增加我们的战斗力。”
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Then throw in at the key moment to turn the tide of battle they get thrown into the meat grinder as they arrive as quickly as possible and what that does is just wear them out and make them exhausted too so by the time you know the Japanese are pushing down towards Singapore and the allies are pulling back towards Singapore the allied armies outnumber the Japanese but there is shadow of their former self they can't fight anymore without some rest and some refitting and some restoration some help somebody to hold the line while they read I mean it's well Churchill put it best I think when he talked about the campaign a little bit and has one of those lines that's echoed down into history that's you know you can love him or hate him but the guy had a way with words and he was talking about the situation I mean how does a smaller force beat a larger force this is what Churchill writes and when he uses the word causeway by the way it's sort of like a a bridge but it's a little bit more substantial than that connecting Singapore to the mainland and he writes quote the Japanese mastery of the air arising as has been described from our bitter needs elsewhere and for which the local commanders were in no way responsible was another deadly fact in the result the main fighting strength of such an army as we had assigned to the defense of Singapore and almost all the reinforcements sent after the Japanese declaration of war were used up in gallant fighting on the peninsula and when these had crossed the causeway to what should have been their supreme battleground their punch was gone here they rejoined the local garrison and the masses of base details which swelled our numbers though not our strength.
他说的是一些人称之为“无用之口”的平民，他们需要粮食但在防卫上并没有太大帮助。他接着说，第18英国师的两个新旅刚刚从船上登陆，经过长途航行后，来到了一个陌生且无法想象的环境中。那支能够为新加坡的关键战役而战，并已为这一最高目标做好准备的军队，在日军攻势开始之前就已经分散了。虽然人数可能达到十万，但早已不成军队了。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
He's talking about what some have called the useless mouths the civilians who require food but don't really help much in the defense. He continues they remained the two fresh brigades of the 18th British division newly landed from their ships in strange and unimagined surroundings after their long voyage. The army which could fight the decisive struggle for Singapore and had been provided for that supreme objective in this theater was dissipated before the Japanese attack began. It might be a hundred thousand men but it was an army no more.
在整个事件中，许多错误再次被关注。我是说，你可以针对每一个错误花上数小时来分析其中的优缺点。温斯顿·丘吉尔关于这件事的书中有一个有趣的方面，如果你真的想了解事情的真相，你需要看未删节版的书。因为部分内容是为他自己辩护的，需要记住的是，这种辩护带有很强的自我保护意图。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Once again the many many mistakes that have been focused on during this whole affair. I mean you could do hours and hours just on each one and examining the pros and cons. One of the more interesting aspects of Winston Churchill's books about this, and you need the unabridged version if you really want to see what's going on, because part of it, remember, is a defense of himself and he includes it's a very self-serving defense.
因为在这场战争中，如果有哪个地方是你熟悉的，而那里有几个人看起来显然应该为某些失败负责的话，那就是这里。他甚至在书中写到，如果新加坡沦陷，如果马来亚沦陷，这将是一场巨大的丑闻。那么，谁作为总理在领导这个国家呢？没错，就是他。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Because if there's any place you know in this war, and there's a couple where this guy really would seem like the obvious person to blame for some failure this is it. He even says, you know, and writes in the book that if Singapore were to fall, if Malaya were to fall, it'd be this giant scandal. Well, who's in charge of the country as the prime minister? Well, there you go.
在其中一个谦卑的时刻，他甚至“自责”了一番，他说自己本应该知道，我应该询问我的团队，我的团队应该知道，他们也应该问。这简直无可辩解，但随后他接着给出了一个理由，这一点很有趣。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And he even falls on his sword at one point in one of these humble moments where he says I should have known I should have asked my staff should have known my staff should have asked. There's no excuse, and then he proceeds to give an excuse which is interesting.
请记住给新加坡这座堡垒城市所冠的形容词，你知道的，就是“东方的直布罗陀”，对吧？这是一座堡垒城市。丘吉尔在为自己辩护时说，我根本没想到要问一个被称作堡垒的地方是否有防御设施。他打了个比方：就像我不会问刚下水的战舰是否有船底一样。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Remember the adjective attached to this fortress city of Singapore you know the Gibraltar of the east, right? It's a fortress city and Churchill says in my defense I basically didn't think to ask whether something called a fortress had defenses. He said I would no sooner ask if a battleship that you had just launched had a bottom.
那么，为什么没有设防呢？原因很复杂。其中一部分与某些军事理论分支有关。实际上，早在第一次世界大战前就有这种观点，即防御工事会影响士气。士兵们习惯于躲在战壕或防御工事后面感到安全，但当你需要让他们进攻时，他们会变得不够坚韧。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So why were there no defenses? It's complicated. Some of it was part of a particular branch of the military theories, right? In the pre-war you saw it in the first world war too this idea that defenses are bad for morale. Troops get accustomed to the safety of living behind trench walls or fortifications or whatever then you need them to go on the aggressive they're soft.
在马来亚，一些将军表示他们不想要防御设施的另一个原因是，他们认为这会对部队保护的平民士气产生负面影响。不过，还有许多其他原因。问题是，如果事后的事实证明这个决定是错误的，而实战检验显示防御设施确实非常重要却没有准备，那就会造成大问题。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Another reason some of the generals in Malaya said that they didn't want defenses they thought it was bad for the morale of the civilians that the troops were protecting. There's a lot of reasons. The problem is is that if you turn out to be wrong about that, if the acid test of combat proves that it would be very nice to have some defenses, and they're not there.
在这种情况下，谁会受到最大的伤害呢？盟军士兵需要在倾盆大雨中迅速建立临时防御工事，而这通常是在刚从与日军的战斗中逃出来五分钟后进行的。要知道，这些士兵常常是在夜间与日军展开整个战役，他们面对的胜算非常渺茫。这种情况让人联想到在威克岛的海军陆战队员，他们所承受的痛苦似乎是不可避免的，因为其他选择更是难以想象。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Once again, who gets screwed in that situation? The allied troops will be forever trying to build ad hoc defenses in pouring rain as quickly as they can five minutes after escaping combat with the Japanese still on the way. You know, often at night these soldiers were going to fight an entire campaign against the Japanese with the chances so stacked against them that you look at this the same way the Marines on wake situation looked like a sort of inevitable amount of suffering that has to be born because the alternative is incomprehensible.
我需要指出一个有趣的现象：如果你深入研究这些情况，你会发现几乎在每一种情况下，基层士兵都相信事情会有转机，比如看到隧道尽头的一丝光亮、有救援行动或者有其他替代自杀的方法。在每一种情况下，他们都有一线希望。然而，现代的作家和历史学家常常会严厉批评那些给他们虚假希望的人。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And I should point out what's interesting is if you actually like delve into each of these situations you'll find that in almost every case the soldiers on the ground believed that there was some light at the end of the tunnel or some rescue operation or some alternative to suicide. They had a ray of hope in each one of these situations and oftentimes modern authors and some modern historians will be very harsh in the condemnation of the people that gave them the false hope.
例如，我有一本关于菲律宾防御的书，书中的作者对罗斯福总统的批评非常严厉。虽然罗斯福的支持者可能会争辩这一点，但作者认为，罗斯福一直以来似乎在给防守菲律宾的美军和菲律宾人虚假的希望，让他们以为援助正在路上，并让他们放心，坚持下去。然而，实际上他们知道并没有这样的援助。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
For example, I have a book on the defense of the Philippines and the author is scathing against President Roosevelt for continually, again, a Roosevelt fan would argue this, but continually seeming to give the people defending the Philippines the Americans and the Filipinos false hope that help was on the way and don't worry you just hold out we'll get when they knew that there was nothing of the sort happening.
我认为这可以归结为士兵们在地面上必须面对的又一个悲剧，希望这能从全局上促进战争努力、支持这项事业并缩短冲突。我们尽量不去过于愤世嫉俗地认为这是为了推卸责任，保护某些人的利益，或者让一群注定失败的人继续战斗并承受更多痛苦，因为据说将来会有某种积极的结果。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I would chalk that up to just one more tragedy the average soldier on the ground has to deal with for some sort of we would hope big picture aspect that aids the war effort, helps the cause, and shortens the conflict. And we'll try not to go into the cynical territory where we think it might be to cover people's rear ends to deflect blame into a different direction or to get a bunch of doomed people to fight on longer and suffer more because there's some other positive element down the road that this provides.
这些士兵中有很多，我需要指出，他们正在争取时间。如果没有其他原因的话，那就是他们在执行许多掩护行动，为的是让他们所处的部队能够撤退几英里，重新建立防线，并重新尝试。阅读盟军士兵在这段战争时期的记述时会发现，太平洋战争中的地面战与其他地方不同，这主要是因为日军的独特方式，这迫使对手采取不同的应对措施。每个主要战区都有不同的氛围。如果你想说哪个战区有种 "绅士打法"，那可能是西线，或者北非战区，主要是英军和德军对峙。虽然偶尔也有糟糕事件，比如在突出部战役中的马尔梅迪惨案，但总的来说，如果你被俘进入敌军战俘营，或敌人进入你的营地，通常还是有很大机会活下来的。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
A lot of these soldiers I should point out are fighting for time if for no other reason than they're involved in these many rear guard actions and they're fighting so that the rest of the force that they're a part of can get away, retreat a few more miles, set up a new defense line, and try again. And if you read the accounts from allied soldiers during this phase in the war really. in the entire Pacific war when you're dealing with land warfare stuff on the ground this is a different kind of war in the Pacific and it's different because of the Japanese and they do things differently and that prompts different sort of responses from their opponents each of the major theaters in this war have a sort of a different vibe if you wanted to say that any theater had a sort of a gentleman's approach to war then that would be something like the Western Front maybe you could say North Africa where you had the British and Germans mainly facing off there could be bad incidents between the two don't get me wrong same thing with the Americans and the Germans I mean the Malmody massacre anyone during the Battle of the Bulge I mean it happened but by and large you had a pretty good chance of surviving the war if you fell you know into the enemy's prison camps or they fell into yours.
德军和苏军在东线战场上的对待方式截然不同。类似马姆迪（Malmody）屠杀的事件在东线上时有发生，那是一种完全不同的氛围，因为这里是一场意识形态的歼灭战，夹杂着种族优越感、反犹太、反政治委员的因素，这些都为极端的国家支持的暴行埋下了伏笔。而日本人在战争中的行为则有其独特的性质，这并非由国家赞助推动，而是一种奇怪的现象，特别是日本人一直在努力解释，因为这没有任何逻辑上的合理性。例如，当日本陆军将领山下奉文在马来亚得知他的部队犯下的那些被常常指控的暴行——如强奸、杀戮等时，他感到震惊，并惩罚了他们。他还曾明确下令不允许此类事件发生。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The Germans would treat the Soviets and vice versa very differently on the eastern front you had your Malmody massacres regularly so different sort of vibe over on the eastern front where you had this ideological war of annihilation throw in the racial superiority Jewish thing anti-commissar thing and I mean it was just set up for extreme state sponsored nastiness. The stuff the Japanese were doing had a flavor all its own this wasn't state sponsored anything it was a sort of a weirdness that people have been trying to explain Japanese people especially ever since because it didn't make any sort of a logical sense for example you will get incidents where the Japanese general general in Malaya Yamashita will find out that his troops did some of the things that the Japanese are routinely accused of doing the rapes the killings the you know all the things things we'll get into more in a minute by the way and he would be appalled and he would punish them and he had specifically ordered that this stuff not happen.
事实上，他在战争结束后因这些事情被处决，但实际上这是因为其他将领和人们不认同那种态度，即允许他们的部队不受管束地行动，不论是由于疏忽大意还是出于公开的敌意和冷酷无情。换句话说，日本的指挥官们的表现参差不齐。在一位警觉的指挥官领导下，部队可能纪律严明，而在另一位指挥官手下，部队可能表现不佳。当然，只要有几个不称职的指挥官，就足以导致很多地方的部队行为失控。顺便提一下，这种情况在香港也再次出现。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Matter of fact he was executed after the war for some of this stuff but it was really other generals and people who disagreed with that sort of an attitude that could have their troops just run wild either through just benign neglect or outright hostility and cold-bloodedness in other words it was a sort of a spotty track record that the commanders in Japan would have and you could have troops that are well behaved under a vigilant commander and other troops that are poorly behaved under another one and of course listen it doesn't take a whole lot of spotty commanders for a lot of troops to be acting out of line in a lot of places which is what you have by the way again in Hong Kong.
在战争初期，日本人在香港做了一件事，这渐渐成为了他们的“商标”。在1941年圣诞节，香港城破已经迫在眉睫，日本士兵进入了一个位于前线后方、被用作医院的学院，他们开始刺杀躺在病床上的伤兵，还发生了护士被强奸的事件。这种行为在各国的极端爱国者眼里常常会被视为宣传战，并声称是被夸大的。然而，证据实在太多，即使是当事的日方人员也承认了这些事实。即便我本人对战争宣传持怀疑态度，但在某些情况下，证据的优势已经无可辩驳。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The Japanese will come in and do something that will become a little bit of a trademark for them in this early part of the war they will walk into one of these it's a college that is being used as a hospital behind the front lines in Hong Kong right before the city surrenders on Christmas 1941 and the Japanese troops will start going up to injured soldiers lying in their cots and bayonetting them nurses get raped other people I mean this becomes one of the many occasions where you will find super patriots as you can find in every country right who will try to say that this is propaganda this is contrived that's been disproven. I mean I guess I'm perfectly willing to listen to stories of all that kind of stuff because I'm very cynical myself about wartime propaganda and all that kind of stuff the problem is is in some situations the preponderance of evidence becomes overwhelming even with admissions from the very people who did this on the Japanese side too.
我认为，这就像大屠杀和其他一些事件一样，其证据的丰富性和震撼性是无法忽视的。即使你可以反驳其中一个方面或某个特定情况，整体的证据是压倒性的，对某些盟国人民来说是难以置信的。这需要时间去适应，而这种适应过程正是导致这场无情战争的原因。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So I think this falls you know into a similar place with the Holocaust and a number of other things which just seem it wouldn't matter if you could disprove this aspect or that occasion the preponderance of the evidence is overwhelming and graphic and unbelievable to these allied peoples in some respects and it takes a while to adjust and the adjustments are what creates this war without mercy.
这类恶劣行为的事件确实对日本造成了很大的伤害，无论是在宏观层面还是在微观层面。当时就有一些具有影响力的思想家和军事领袖也意识到了这一点。我们要记住，日本帝国在这里推销一些东西，而虽然将宣传和全球营销视为空洞的装饰是很有诱惑力的想法，但我们要意识到，丘吉尔最害怕的是像印度人这样的人相信这些空洞的宣传。换句话说，如果你仔细想想，这并不难理解。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
It's not hard by the way to make a pretty good case that these sorts of incidents of atrocious conduct really hurt the Japanese and it hurt them on a macro level and a micro level and there are influential thinkers and military leaders who saw this at the time as well but on a macro level remember there's something the Japanese Empire is selling here and while it's tempting to think of things like propaganda and global marketing as fluff and window dressing let's realize that the thing that Churchill is most scared of is people like the Indians buying into the fluff and window dressing in other words if you think about it.
日本的战争目标极其大胆和广泛，以至于几乎难以想象它们会实现。但实现这些目标的一条小路径可能是让这一营销策略所针对的数百万甚至上亿的人接受。然而，这些可怕的事件的发生对品牌形象没什么好处。我们要记得，这个品牌的形象早已受到损害，至少可以追溯到20世纪30年代初在中国的一系列事件。然后，你会发现，那些被新解放的人民，比如被日本视为从大英帝国势力下解放的马来亚人，和那些有时甚至没有意识到自己需要被从美国人手中解放的菲律宾人，可以亲身体验生活在这种新统治下会是什么样子，而不仅仅是从营销信息中了解。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The Japanese war aims are so audaciously expansive that it's almost impossible to imagine them ever coming true but one of the small little paths towards attaining that goal would be for you know the millions and millions and millions of people that this marketing strategy is aimed towards to buy into it and these sorts of atrocious incidents don't reflect well on the brands do they and let's recall it's not a brand that is without tarnish already because they have all those incidents in China going back to at least the early 1930s then you get these newly liberated peoples you know you know the Malayans who the Japanese sort of free as they're driving the Imperial British forces backwards the Filipinos who don't even realize they need freeing in some cases from the Americans being freed and they get a chance to see forget the marketing message they get a chance to see what it's going to be like to live under this new leadership.
正如我们在上一个部分提到的，对于许多人来说，这种情况就像是刚逃出油锅，又掉进火坑。在很多地方的处境都非常艰难。菲律宾的故事就是一个典型例子，虽然这些故事既经典又可怕。比如，有些人在街上因为没有鞠得够低，就被拿着武士刀的日本军官砍头，还有那些慰安妇，这些当地女性被迫成为日军的性奴。我指的是，这就是生活在"大东亚共荣圈"内的真实情况。因此，温斯顿·丘吉尔担心的那些可能抛弃英国压迫的人，可能会努力寻找第三种选择，而不是接受日本的压迫。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
As we said I think at the last segment it's a little like for a lot of these people you know getting out of the frying pan and thrown into the fire it's going to be really rough in a lot of these places I mean they're the stories from the Philippines are classic but I mean classic and horrible obviously but I mean people who get their heads chopped off in the streets by Japanese officers wielding samurai swords for not bowing low enough the comfort women the women from some of these localities who are co-opted coerced forced into prostitution to serve the Japanese army I mean these are the kind of things that are the reality of living in this East Asia co-prosperity sphere so maybe a lot of people that you know Winston Churchill was worried might throw off the yoke of British oppression are going to try to find a third sort of option rather than adopt the cloak of Japanese oppression.
从宏观层面来看，这确实让在战场上为这种目标而战的日本士兵的工作变得更加困难，顺便说一下，他们中许多人确实相信这个目标。同时，在微观层面，这对士兵个人也是一种巨大的挑战。我一直在试图弄清楚，一个军队中到底有多少人需要以某种方式行事，比如说犯下暴行，才可以认为对方军队的所有人都应该因此受到惩罚。理想情况下，我们希望如果有一个人犯下暴行，那么他会得到应有的惩罚。但是我们都知道，从战争和战斗，包括可以追溯到原始人的时代，这种对每一个动作都有相等和相反反应的想法一定是适用的。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So on the macro level really really makes the job of the Japanese soldiers in the field fighting for this sort of goal harder and by the way a lot of them really believe in the goal and then on the micro level it's really hard on the soldiers themselves and I keep trying to figure out you know how many people in an army have to act a certain way right commit atrocities for example before you can make a justifiable case that everybody in the other army deserves to be punished for it you'd like to think hey one bad apple commits an atrocity so hopefully that guy gets what's coming to him but we all know that in warfare and in combat since Kate let's just say caveman times I'm going to assume this idea that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction definitely applies.
所以你不需要派太多的美军、菲律宾士兵、从印度或苏格兰高地或加拿大或澳大利亚来的英军，或者当地的马来土著为英国作战，你不需要让太多这些人被肢解和以可怕的方式展示在路口，以确保他们那一方的人看到此景。你也不需要通过士兵间的闲谈传播太多这样可怕的故事，就可以决定应该对待每一位日本士兵如同他们亲手造成了这样的暴行。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So you don't have to have too many American soldiers or Filipino soldiers or Imperial British soldiers from India or the highlands of Scotland or Canada or Australia or an indigenous local Malay person fighting for the British you don't have to have too many of those people chopped into pieces and positioned grotesquely and put at a road junction to make sure that the people on their side see this you don't have to have too many of those stories circulating via the scuttlebutt between soldiers to decide that every one of these Japanese deserves to be treated like they did it themselves personally.
在我们开始认为这只是每场战争都会发生的事情之前，让我们来看一下其他情况。在我们熟知的战场上，比如严酷的俄罗斯战线，那里确实存在人们被严重伤害的情况。但在像北非这样的地方，交战双方——包括意大利人和英国人，有时会以一种绅士的方式为战场上的意大利或德国敌人举行葬礼，甚至用基督教的方式对待敌人。当然，更常见的情况是将阵亡者留在战场上，但是很少出现故意伤害敌尸的情况。而在太平洋战场上，这种情况却发生了，因为一方喜欢这样做。你可能会想，他们从中得到了什么？或许在古代，这种行为被认为是一种恐吓。越南之战中，越盟在对抗法国时也使用了类似的做法。可能他们想以这种本土方式表明一种强硬的态度，向对手示威。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Now before we think that this is just something that happens in every war everywhere it didn't now the Russian front which we all consider if we know anything about it right to be a particularly nasty place you would see people disfigured and mutilated but in a place like North Africa the two sides I mean there's Italians there too and the British might bury an Italian or a German foe on the battlefield with honors that they might do the same for someone on the other side almost a gentlemanly kind of thing going on a very Christian sort of way to act one's enemy of course the more standard thing would be to just leave them where they lay in the field but rarely did you have people mutilating each other right it wasn't that kind of war but it was in the Pacific and it was because one side liked to do it and you wonder you think yourself what did they gain from all this maybe in some ancient time it was considered intimidating I know that the Viet Minh used to do that when they were fighting the French in Indochina after this period maybe in an indigenous way to say screw you and this is what's going to happen to all of you.
也许你会因此获得心理上的优势或制造出一种威慑效果，但在这种情况下，却事与愿违，出现了严重的反作用效果。这让盟军常常觉得这些人不值得怜悯。而且还有另一个相关的问题，这与当时日本士兵的某些特质有关，那就是极端的狂热问题。我想我们在开始这个故事时提到过，战后盟军的宣传以一种不同的方式描绘了德国人和日本人，他们都被视作为机械般为领袖而战的。然而，德国人被描绘成冷酷而理性的机器，而日本人则被描述为无法阻挡和狂热的机器，他们会战斗到最后一根手指被摧毁，而那根手指仿佛也会继续追击你。这种形象导致了另一种问题，那就是暴行。暴行往往是由愤怒和复仇心驱动的热血行为，你们伤害了我们的人，所以我们就会虐待你们的尸体。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And maybe you get a psychological edge or an intimidation factor involved in that but in this case it really backfired there was a terrible boomerang effect that just made allied troops often think that these were not people deserving of any mercy what's more you have the other problem involved and this is connected to the other side of the Japanese character that just kills the average Japanese soldier in this period it's the fanatical question I think we said when we started this story that there was a different way that the allied propaganda sort of and this is after the war to sort of portrayed the Germans and the Japanese they portrayed them both in kind of a robotic sense right that they fought for the leader robotically that they were machines but the German machines were cold and logical the Japanese were also portrayed as machines but they were like unstoppable and fanatical and and they would fight to the last fingertip was destroyed and the finger would come chasing you it was that kind of a sort of thing and that led to the other problem which is the atrocities sort of are a hot blood thing where people act because they feel angry and they want the revenge and you cut up our people so we're going to you know we're going to mistreat your corpses.
这个冷酷无情的一面体现了一个逻辑理性的人，他从未想要犯下暴行，只是出于常识性的考虑，希望自己的部队能够安全返回。因为日本人的行为方式和他们表现出的狂热态度，这位指挥官希望看到自己手下的士兵能够和他们在太平洋地区的亲人团聚。日本人的这种表现可能源自一种民族灵魂的一部分，使他们在历史上表现得像是超越实力的挑战者，永不言败，犹如机器人坚持战斗到最后一刻。这种特质注定了许多日本士兵在战场上被消灭的命运，因为即使在受伤、投降甚至看似死亡的情况下，他们仍被视为极度危险，可能会突然复活并在战场上反扑。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
But the cold-blooded side of this were a logical person who never wanted to commit an atrocity in his life just operating with common sense just wants his unit you know to get back home wants to see the guys under his command get back to their loved ones in the Pacific because of Japanese conduct and the way that they acted and part of the fanaticism that probably one could make a case is a part of their soul that led them to being a people that sort of punched above their weight class historically speaking that never say die the last finger of the robot that's going to keep chasing you that's what's going to doom a lot of Japanese soldiers to simply being liquidated on the battlefield and the reason why is because they were seen as extremely dangerous even wounded even while surrendering even while seemingly dead the Japanese would come back to life and kill you on the battlefield.
不要相信我，但这确实是一个奇妙而又诡异的事物。我指的是战争，它既令人着迷又带有黑暗的吸引力。各种亲身经历随处可见、持久不变，成为这个故事的一部分，直到某个核弹开始结束这个故事。在《新加坡在燃烧》一书中，作者科林·史密斯收集了许多这样的亲身经历。他提到，每个人都有自己的“复活”时刻（尽管他没有用“拉撒路时刻”这个词）。他谈到的背景是在马来亚、菲律宾等地，这是英美军队首次与日军交战的地方，所以他们在快速学习，了解真实情况和错误认知。日军如宣传中那样狂热，像机械手指一样追逐着你，不可掉以轻心。即使他们全被消灭，有时也会用尽各种诡计，例如，等你靠近检查时，他们会突然掏出手榴弹，连同自己和其他几位士兵一起同归于尽。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Don't believe me it's one of the wonderful perverse I mean the war is so interesting but it's also darkly interesting but I mean the first-hand accounts are everywhere long-lasting and they will be a part of this story until an atomic bomb begins to end this story but in Singapore burning author Colin Smith has a lot of these first-hand stories and he describes it he didn't say a Lazarus moment but he said everyone sort of had their own personal Lazarus and what he was talking about was remember this is the first time in Malaya in the Philippines in these places where the Anglo-American troops are clashing with Japanese forces so they're learning a lot quickly right what's true what's false they are every bit as fanatical as portrayed that robotic finger will chase you down the street or the equivalent but you can't take chances with them not only will they come after you until totally destroyed sometimes they will try all the little tricks you know wait till you come up to check on them and then whip out a grenade and blow you and a couple of buddies and themselves up.
虽然这种行为并不是全然不人道，也并非在其他地方从未见过，但确实很少见。就像我们提到的神风敢死队，你可以看到有人驾驶飞机有如自杀式地撞向建筑、部队或船只，这种情况在其他军队中也存在，只是非常罕见和不寻常。而日本人在这方面做得比较频繁。相对而言，可以说他们在俄罗斯前线更是如此。比如，有俄罗斯士兵在重伤后，会等德国人过来查看，然后引爆自己和周围的德国人。这类事情确实发生过，但是日本人如此频繁地这样做，以至于盟军都不再敢对他们掉以轻心。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And while this is not behavior that's inhuman and not seen anywhere else it's rare elsewhere it's like we said about the kamikazes you can see people suicidally fly planes into structures or troops or ships or whatever you can see it in other armies it's just really rare and unusual the Japanese do it well comparatively you would call it regularly on the Russian front you could see a Russian who knows he's wounded badly wait till the Germans come to check on him and then blow himself and a bunch of Germans up that sort of stuff happened but the Japanese did it so often that the Allies stopped taking chances with him.
在他的书《新加坡的燃烧》中，史密斯讲述了一个澳大利亚人在马来亚战役被迫退到新加坡的故事。他的名字叫帕特里克·雷诺兹，他谈到自己的一次类似“拉撒路复活”的经历。不得不说，当你阅读太平洋战争的描述时，没有其他战区给人的感觉如此像电影中的战斗，以至于让人觉得不真实，就像《洛奇》之于拳击一样。你去看其他战线，会觉得哇，这些战斗更机械化，距离感也更远。然而，太平洋战争在某些情况下有时有点像越战，因为并不是所有地方都是丛林，但在那些有丛林和茂密植被的地方，战争通常是在一个小范围的空地里进行，因为其他地方都被丛林树冠或植物挡住了视线。这一点像越战。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
In his book Singapore Burning, Smith has a story from an Australian fighting in this whole Malayan situation being pushed back towards Singapore. His name is Patrick Reynolds, and he talks about his you know sort of Lazarus moment. I've got to say when you read accounts of the Pacific War in no other theater in the Second World War does it sound so much like movie combat like it doesn't even sound real like what Rocky is to boxing because you go to the other fronts and you're like wow this is a lot more mechanized and the distances are really great although the Pacific War is a little like Vietnam sometimes depending on where you are because it's not all jungle but where it is jungle and overgrowth it's like Vietnam was in the sense that the war is often fought in a very small perimeter of a clearing or whatever you can see because everything else is blocked off by the jungle canopy or vegetation or everything else.
周围的一切都离你很近，这给人一种非常幽闭、非常孤立的感觉，那些故事听起来就像你在另一边很近的地方。我是说，这很像电影里一个人对抗另一个人，或者两个人对抗一个人，充满了刺杀和使用锋利武器的情节，真的非常残酷。史密斯引用了在马来亚战役中向新加坡推进的帕特里克·雷诺兹中尉的话：“我右边的小队再次被自动火力压制，躺在大约15具看似已死亡的日军尸体堆中。我正向另一个小队示意，突然间一具尸体活了过来，右手拿着一颗手榴弹，左手撑起身体。我开枪打他，手榴弹同时爆炸，他的半个头被炸飞，手榴弹的两块碎片击中了我，一个在右臂下方，一个在我头的另一侧。”
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So everything is right around you it gives a very claustrophobic very isolated sort of feel to it and the stories just sound like you're right up close with the other side I mean it's very movie one guy against one guy or two guys against one guy lots of stabbing lots of edged weapons it's really quite nasty. Smith quotes Lieutenant Patrick Reynolds in the Malay campaign you know fighting down towards Singapore quote the section on my right was again pinned down by automatic fire lying amongst a heap of about 15 apparently dead Japs. I was signaling to the other section when suddenly one of the corpses came to life holding a grenade in his right hand and raising himself from the ground with his left. I shot at him the grenade exploded simultaneously and half his head was blown off two pieces of the grenade hit me one under the right arm and one on the other side of my head end quote.
史密斯讲述了另一个关于一名叫德斯蒙德·穆尔卡希中士的故事，他谈到了自己的“复活时刻”，也就是领悟到的学习经历。当时，他意识到这些看起来死去的日本人并不意味着他们不会意外地“复活”。史密斯写到：“德斯蒙德·穆尔卡希中士的‘复活时刻’与一名倒下的加诺卫队中士有关。当时，穆尔卡希正准备搜查这名死人身上的信件和部队身份牌，情报官员都非常看重这些东西。然而，这个所谓的‘死人’忽然愤怒地站起来，右手握着一个手榴弹。穆尔卡希抓住他的左手，防止他拉开手榴弹的保险，这算是反应很快。但是，这也让对手有机会用手榴弹猛烈击打他的头部，而穆尔卡希只能尽力用左手挡住攻击。穆尔卡希大声呼救，当他努力控制住这名士兵的手臂时，这名远离了曾经塑造他军旅生涯的仪式与辉煌的士官，先是被刺刀刺中，随后又被射杀。”
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Smith has another story of a sergeant Desmond Mulcahy and he talks about his particular Lazarus meaning his learning moment the learning curve when he realized that just because these Japanese look dead doesn't mean they won't come back to life unexpectedly. Smith writes quote Sergeant Desmond Mulcahy's particular Lazarus was a fallen sergeant of the Kanoe guards he was about to search him for the letters and unit identification beloved by the battalion intelligence officers when the dead man sprang indignantly to his feet with a grenade in his right fist. Mulcahy grabbed his left hand to stop him pulling the pin this was good thinking but it allowed his opponent to bludgeon him about the head with his grenade while he did his best to fend him off with left jabs. Mulcahy shouted for help and while he was holding the man's arms the guards NCO so far from the pomp and circumstance which had molded his military career was first bayoneted and then shot end a quote.
史密斯随后指出，还有另一起案例，有人在日本一方最终死亡，而这本来可能是不必要的。这显示了学习曲线的一部分，以及他们将如何开始应对这些不可预测的狂热分子——那些即使你认为已经彻底毁掉了，但他们的“机械手指”仍会不断袭来的人。他写道：“似乎没有充分的理由说明为什么这个日本人不能被制服并俘获，但在帝国日本军队几乎每次遇到西方军队时，这似乎迅速成为了一种常态，把几乎任何活捉行动都视为风险太大。”
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Smith then points out that there was another case where somebody ended up dead on the Japanese side when maybe they didn't need to and that this is signaling part of the learning curve and how they're going to start to deal with these unpredictable fanatical people the ones whose robotic finger will keep coming at you even when you think you destroyed that whole thing and he writes quote there appears to be no good reason why this particular Japanese could not have been restrained and captured but it seems that it rapidly became the norm as it did almost everywhere the Imperial Japanese Army ever met Western troops to regard almost any attempt to take them alive as much too risky end quote.
现在引用一个16岁，也就是16岁，为大英帝国作战的士兵的话：从第一次交战中我们学会了不信任他们的伤员。史密斯提出了一个有趣的观点，他指出，大多数假装死亡的日本士兵可能和任何地方的士兵一样，是希望能被敌人忽视，这样他们就有机会在不被打扰的情况下逃脱。但很明显，有些人不是这样的，正如我所说的，你可以在战争的任何战线上看到这种情况，只是没有这里这么频繁。那么，有多大的比例日本士兵需要这样做，才能让每一个潜在的日本战俘都得到一样的待遇，以防万一？对此是绝对不含糊的，并且有视频为证。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Now quoting a 16 yes 16 year old soldier fighting for the British Empire quote from that first engagement we learn not to trust their wounded end quote. Smith had an interesting line though he pointed out that the majority of Japanese playing dead were probably playing dead for the same reason anybody's soldiers would play dead in that situation hoping to be overlooked by the enemy and maybe they'd be left alone and could get away but some of these people clearly didn't and as I said you could see that on any front in the war just not as regularly as you saw it here what percentage of the Japanese had to act this way for every Japanese potential POW to get the same treatment just in case not fooling around and there's video.
我必须说，我看过的最令人震惊的一幕，可能是因为我成长在一个时代，我们这边被认为是绝对的好的一方，而另一边则被视为绝对的坏的一方，很少有灰色地带。直到上世纪80年代，我看到了一个英国纪录片中的片段。那个时候，在美国是看不到这种影片的，我相信是在相对较晚的时候才发布，最终其中一些片段进入了美国的纪录片。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I have to say one of the most shocking things I ever saw because I definitely grew up in the era where our side was the unequivocally good side and the other side was the unequivocally bad side and there was not much gray area until I got to the maybe the 1980s and I saw a piece of film footage and it was part of a British documentary and you could not get it in the United States at the time it was actually something that I believe was released relatively recently and eventually some of that footage made it into American documentaries.
因为你在美国没看到过这些素材，而我看过无数次这些黑白画面和所有历史资料，几乎已经熟悉一切，但仍然从未见过这些内容，所以我被深深吸引了。我被吸引有两个原因：第一，这是战争后期的素材，所以是彩色的，这让一切看起来更加真实。第二，这些内容展示了那些绝不会出现在官方战争画面上的东西，即使在战后也不会被美国政府批准和发布。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
But because you hadn't seen it in the US I who had seen all the footage over and over a thousand times the black and white stuff you know all the history everything you could ever see I'd never seen this stuff and I was transfixed and I was transfixed for two reasons one it was late war stuff so it was in color which of course makes it all seem so much more real the second reason why is it showed the stuff that would never have made it on the official war footage that the US government would have approved and released even after the war.
它展示了类似 "负鼠巡逻" 的情景，一位老兵描述了这个场景：在战斗结束后，他们会在军官来阻止他们之前冲到战场上，杀死所有受伤的日本士兵。我记得我对一名美国士兵印象深刻，他用手枪朝这些重伤的日本士兵的头部射击，同时嘴里还叼着一个玉米芯烟斗，他反复这样做。我被这些毫不在意、每天都在杀戮的士兵的态度震惊了。他们每天都在进行这样的杀戮。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
It showed things like the possum patrol which one veteran described as the point where they would rush out onto the battlefield after the fighting had ceased before the officers could stop them and kill all the wounded Japanese. I was struck I remember by this American soldier he was killing these grievously wounded Japanese soldiers by shooting them in the head with a pistol and he had a corncob pipe that he was smoking in his mouth while he did this over and over again and I just I was struck by and reminded of the very nonchalant nature of these soldiers who killed every day and had and was just was just killing day.
就是说，当你谈论“无情的战争”时，听起来是一回事，但真正目睹时又是另一回事。当你看到自己这一方也在这样做时，你会意识到，即使他们被认为是在战争中代表正义的一方，他们也不得不做一些残酷的事情来赢得战争。这就是战争的本质，对吧？当然，有时候战争可以是绅士的，双方可以互相尊重，安葬彼此的牺牲者，并通知对方阵亡者的信息，以便他们的家属知道。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I mean it was it was a reminder that when you say war without mercy it's one thing when you see it it's another and when you see your own side doing it and you realize of course they can still be the good guys in this war and have to do terrible things in order to fight it what do you think war is right well sometimes it can be gentlemanly and both sides can treat the other with respect and bury their dead and and notify the other side of the of the death so that their families can be told.
例如，这在第一次世界大战中就曾出现过，有时候士兵们会杀死受伤者和俘虏，然后告诉后方指挥部那些狂热的日本人再次拒绝投降，最后全军覆没。对于那些在这个时期被迫参军参战的普通日本士兵来说，很难不把这种情况视作一场悲剧。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
You saw this in the first world war for example and sometimes you kill the wounded kill the prisoners and just tell the people back at you know base command that once again those fanatical Japanese refused to surrender and died to the last man hard not to see it as a tragedy for the poor average Japanese kid who ended up in the army at this time fighting this war in this place.
但是，每个动作都有一个相等且相反的反应，不难注意到，在这个特定的情况下，日本正遭遇自己曾经播下的种子带来的后果。当然，在故事进行到我们现在所处的位置时，日本正忙于播种，而盟军则在收获。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
But for every action there's an equal and opposite reaction and it's hard not to notice that the Japanese were in this particular case reaping what they sowed of course where we are in the story right now the Japanese are doing a lot more sowing and it's the allies that are doing the reaping.
这是故事中一个时期，在故事里似乎发生了特别多的暴行，这些暴行有两种类型：一种是可以看到盟军也参与其中的，另一种则是看不到的。举个例子，在马来亚战役的最后一场重要战斗中——日本军队沿着马来亚半岛推进，到1月底到达新加坡时，他们在七周内已经推进了600英里，而对手是有着军事史上最高声誉之一的军队。如果用大学橄榄球比赛来比喻，可以说这支军队就像是阿拉巴马大学队，但并不是他们的主力阵容，因为真正的主力可能此时正在北非与沙漠之狐埃尔温·隆美尔作战。在1月中旬马来亚战役的重要战斗中，一些澳大利亚和印度军队伏击了一支日本部队，他们在桥上击毁了许多坦克，造成了500到1000人的伤亡，获得了一个可以说是战术上的胜利，而此时他们在战略上已经失败了。这时盟军已经不是像以前那样是一只手被绑着在战斗，而是两只手都被绑着。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
This is one of the times in the story too when there seems to be a particular spike in atrocities in the story and there are two kinds the kind that you could see the allied troops engaging in as well and the kind you can't so for example the last battle of consequence during the Malayan campaign right this Japanese drive down the Malayan Peninsula which by the way by the time they reach Singapore end of January they will have fought and advanced 600 miles in seven weeks against one of the armies with the highest reputations in military history and I think it's fair to say it's very fair to say this is not the first string team if we're talking about this like a college football game this may be Alabama but this isn't the first string but they're still wearing the uniforms as we said the first string is probably in North Africa right now fighting the Desert Fox Erwin Rommel but in this last battle of consequence in the Malayan campaign mid-January some Australians and Indian troops ambush a Japanese column on a bridge knock out a bunch of tanks inflict like 500 to a thousand casualties get what I think is a pretty fair to say is a tactical victory at a time when they're already strategically defeated and at this point the allied troops aren't fighting with one hand tied behind their back they're fighting with both hands tied behind their back.
澳大利亚和印度的部队会被侧翼包抄和渗透，这就是在这一时期所有盟军都会遇到的典型情况，他们不得不撤退。在某个撤退阶段，被困的部队由于无法携带而不得不留下超过一百名澳大利亚和印度的伤员，而这些人会被日军屠杀。正如我们刚才说的，战争后期你可能会看到盟军也会这么做，这取决于情况，但这是一种报复行为。这与日军参与的另一类型相对无法解释的暴行不同，盟军绝对不会，至少不会在大规模上参与。一个完美的例子是在二月，有些人尝试从新加坡撤离，一艘船被日军击沉，幸存者到达岸边后，日军在那里杀害了他们。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The Australians and Indian troops will get outflanked and infiltrated you know the typical routine that all the allies get in this time period have to retreat back and at a certain point during the retreat the Japanese will get their hands on more than a hundred Australian and Indian wounded had to be left behind by trapped troops and they will butcher them. Now as we said later in the war you might see allied troops do this depends but you might that's part of that tit-for-tat thing we were just talking about it's the other kind of atrocities the Japanese engage in that are relatively inexplicable and that allied troops would never engage in certainly not on any large scale a perfect example of it will happen in February there will be an attempt by some people to get away from Singapore and a ship will be sunk by the Japanese the survivors will make it to shore and the Japanese military there will kill the survivors.
他们当时大约有五六十名英国军队和盟友，但还有超过20名澳大利亚护士。我是说，这些都是20多岁的女孩，似乎她们遭到了强奸，然后被迫走入海中，当海水到达腰部时，被机枪扫射。这种暴行是盟军不会做的，这是另一层次的暴行。这使人们再次思考，如果你认为人类是一个有趣的物种，那么关于这些事情为什么会发生、如何发生，以及为什么在特定时间和地点发生，是一个令人着迷的研究。显然，这种情况不是第一次发生，考古中我们也发现过史前人类的大型墓地，但每个事件似乎都有其特定的背景。在这个案例中，这与当时日本军队，特别是那个时期的日本军队有一定关系。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Now they were like I think a number like 50 or 60 troops British troops and friends but there were also more than 20 Australian nurses I mean these are girls in their 20s that it appears were raped and then forced to walk out into the surf and when they got to waste level were machine gunned these are the kind of things that allied troops did not do this is a different level of atrocity and it's the part that makes again you know when if you think human beings are an interesting species the questions related to why and how do these things happen and why do they happen when and where they do is a fascinating study and it should be emphasized that obviously this is something we've seen I mean they find the mass graves of people this has happened to in prehistory but each situation seems to be colored by the specifics and in this case this has something to do with the Japanese military especially the Japanese military of this period.
这段话翻译成中文是：
"究竟发生了什么？这些事情可能会让很多人憎恨你，但这些并不是谁都会公开宣扬的内容。我们应该指出，日本民众对此完全不知情。我们还需要提到的是，所有这些暴行的故事有时要等到战争结束后才会公之于众，有时则是零零碎碎地曝光。当然，没有哪个像圣经时代的统治者那样公开宣扬这种事情——比如说，我们在最后占领的那个城镇屠杀、强奸并屠杀了一大批护士，还警告说小心点，我们会来找你。其实并不是那种情况。事实上，否认这些行为的声音至今仍在继续。因此，许多这些事情最终是在战争罪审判中被揭露出来的。显然，由于这些事情本质上就不容易被人目击，因为施暴者总是试图杀死所有目击者。"
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
What's going on well it can make a lot of people hate you but this is not stuff that anybody's broadcasting we should point out the Japanese public certainly knows nothing about this the other thing we should mention is that with all these atrocities sometimes these stories don't come out till after the war sometimes they come out in dribs and drabs certainly no one like a biblical era ruler is broadcasting this right well we massacred we raped and massacred a whole bunch of nurses in that last town that we took and beware we're coming for you I mean it ain't that kind of deal in fact the denials continue to this day so a lot of this stuff comes out in war crimes trials later and obviously by their very nature these things do not lend themselves to witnesses because the perpetrators are always hoping to kill all the witnesses.
这段话大致说明了可能落入日本人手中的人的处境，以及一些关于这个话题的传闻会传到大众耳朵里。为了以防万一，人们会在马来亚和新加坡采取行动，比如销毁所有位于日本军队行军路线上可能遇到的酒类。你肯定不希望指挥官们在努力控制军队时，士兵们意外地找到一堆酒，因为那可能会让他们失控，哪怕只是一点点刺激可能就会让事情变得更糟糕。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
It does sort of lay out the stakes a little bit for the people that might fall into Japanese hands and enough of the scuttlebutt will will be making it through the general public that they will do things in Malaya and Singapore like make sure that all the alcohol is destroyed if it's in the path of where the Japanese army is going to march through you know just you don't want to take any chances that the commanders of those troops are trying to keep them in line the last thing you want to have happen is for them to stumble on a bunch of alcohol too just maybe a little maybe pushes them over the edge if they need to be pushed over the edge.
在一月中旬的最后一次遭遇之后，到了一月下旬，盟军被迫撤退到新加坡与马来亚大陆分隔的大桥上，也就是著名的大堤。新加坡被称为堡垒，盟军决定炸毁大桥，因此他们基本上是自己选择被围困在新加坡。新加坡的面积大约为270平方英里，大约是洛杉矶大都市区的一半，居住着大约一百万人，还有大约85,000名士兵。即将到达新加坡护城河边的日军部队大约有30,000到35,000人。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
After that last encounter in mid-January late January the allies are forced over the causeway you know the big bridge that separates Singapore from the mainland of Malaya the fortress of Singapore the allies blow the causeway and there they are now basically besieged of their own choice in Singapore which is a 270 square mile place you think about Los Angeles greater area of Los Angeles it's like half that got a million people basically there and about 85,000 soldiers the Japanese army that's going to come right up to the edge of the moat that separates Singapore from the mainland has like 30 to 35,000 troops.
我不需要告诉你，也不需要成为数学专业的人就能明白，这大约是他们所面临情况的三分之一，可能比三分之一稍微少一点。不过，当大英帝国被打败时，尤其是像丘吉尔这样的人，他记得维多利亚时代英国殖民征服的历史，那是一种充满吉卜林色彩的叙述。在那种叙述中，当英国被击败时，是少数勇敢的英国人在消灭了成千上万、甚至数以万计的祖鲁人、德尔维什人或阿富汗部落成员后被攻破。然而在这里，故事完全颠倒过来，是非欧洲的力量被严重地以少胜多，竟然让帝国的军队溃败。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I don't have to tell you and you don't have to be a math major to know that's like a third of what they're facing maybe a little less than a third but the British Empire when they do get defeated especially a guy like Churchill who remembers the much you know shall we call it Kipling eyes history of Victorian British colonial conquest when when the British are defeated that it's it's dozens of plucky Englishmen that are overrun after killing you know thousands of the tens of thousands that of Zulus or Dervishes or tribesmen in Afghanistan whatever it might be it's a total flip of the script here to have the non-European forces be the ones that are badly outnumbered and yet have the imperial forces on the run.
这件事不仅令人尴尬，而且对于大英帝国来说，这种形象可能是致命的。这迫使丘吉尔做出各种有趣的决定，这些决定在今天读来很有趣，但是如果你有同情心的话，你一定会庆幸自己不需要承担丘吉尔那样的人在这种情况下所面临的沉重决策责任。丘吉尔并不一定做出了正确的选择，但请想一想在一月初他所面临的选择。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
It's embarrassing and more than that the optics for the British Empire could be deadly this forces Churchill into all kinds of interesting decisions of the sort that are fascinating reading today but have to make you if you have any empathy in you at all have to make you glad that you don't have the soul-crushing decision-making responsibility that people like Churchill have in this situation not that he makes the right choice at all but think about what the choice is at the beginning of January.
温斯顿·丘吉尔似乎仍然认为新加坡要塞将是一个强大的防御堡垒。因为有人让他相信这一点，他认为无论马来亚发生什么事，新加坡都会坚守，成为日本帝国的眼中钉，是可以进行集结和反攻的地方，仍然是整个地区防御的关键。然而，到一月底，丘吉尔因为现场人员的报告而相信，无论增派多少军队，新加坡基本上是无法守住的，挡不住它的沦陷。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Winston Churchill still seems to be operating under the idea because he's led to believe this that the fortress of Singapore is going to be this great defensive bastion that no matter what happens in Malaya will hold out be a thorn in the side of the Japanese Empire be this place they could rally and form a counter-attack I mean we will still be the linchpin of the defense of the entire region and by the end of January Churchill because again what he's been told by people on the scene now believes that no matter how many troops are thrown into Singapore it's basically indefensible you can't stop it from falling.
翻译成中文：那么你会怎么做？对丘吉尔来说，第一个困难的选择在于，当你连接所有信息后并决定新加坡无法守住时，你会怎么做。我们是否可以称那些在事后提出意见的人为"事后诸葛亮"？今天，有很多人会指出，假如今知道的那些信息，新加坡是可以守住的。当时日本的补给情况十分不稳定，有很多因素可以被利用。但要记住，有一种情况叫做战争迷雾，它与地面指挥官掌握的信息有关，指挥官经常会被迷惑。众所周知，山下奉文当时是在虚张声势，希望敌人不了解他的弱点，但这其实是一种非常传统的策略。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So what do you do the first of the two hard choices for Churchill concerns what you do once you connect the dots and decide Singapore can't be held now there are shall we call them the ultimate Monday morning quarterbacks today who will point out that knowing what we know now Singapore could have been held the Japanese were in precarious supply situations there'll be a lot of things thrown out there but remember there's this thing called the fog of war which is connected to what commanders on the ground know and oftentimes they can be bluffed and it's this is a well-known I mean Yamashita was bluffing and hoping that the enemy wouldn't know his weaknesses but that's a pretty traditional thing.
丘吉尔了解到，前线传来的信息显示新加坡可能无法守住，因此他面临一个选择：是否要继续派更多增援部队过去，因为增援部队已经在路上。丘吉尔指出，还有像缅甸这样的地方，这些增援部队可能决定缅甸的存亡。他表示，如果我们在这里做出错误的决定，可能会导致两地都失守。但需要明白的是，英国在公开场合中并没有放弃新加坡的人民，那里的100万平民和85000名士兵。所以，如果转移增援部队离开新加坡，这对他们意味着什么呢？
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Churchill was getting information from the people on the ground that Singapore couldn't be held so do you send more reinforcements there because reinforcements are on the way already. Churchill points out that there are places like Burma where these reinforcements could mean the difference between saving or losing Burma and he says if we make the wrong choice here we could end up losing both. But understand something: the British have not publicly written off the people in Singapore, the million civilians, the 85,000 soldiers. So if you divert reinforcements from there, what are you saying to them?
此外，虽然丘吉尔正在召开一些据说应该是非常保密的会议，但有时候这些会议并不像大家希望的那样保密。不知怎么的，澳大利亚总理得知丘吉尔正在和他的工作人员讨论这个问题。澳大利亚总理写了一封信，丘吉尔在他的作品中发表了这封信。信中基本上说，我们为你们做了这么多，你们却打算逃跑，放弃新加坡。而新加坡是因为你们的保证而成为我们防御战略的关键，我们的军队正在北非等地为你们的盟国事业而战斗。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
What's more, while Churchill's having these meetings that are supposed to be pretty closed door, sometimes they're not as closed door as everyone hopes and somehow the Australian Prime Minister gets word that Churchill's considering this with his staff and talking about it. He writes a letter that Churchill publishes in his works, basically saying after all we've done for you, you would run and abandon Singapore, which we've, you know, because of your assurances made a linchpin of our defense strategy too, and our troops are way off fighting for you in North African places like that and the ally cause.
大约有17,000人现在就在附近的新加坡，你告诉我他们被困在那里，而你却不打算……我是说，这样的形象问题会变得很严重。但为了形象问题，你愿意牺牲多少人呢？因此，丘吉尔必须权衡这些问题，最终他会决定哪怕只是增加日军将要俘获的战俘人数，也要向岛上派遣部队。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The 17,000 or so that are here close by are in Singapore now and you're telling me they're trapped there and you're not gonna—I mean, the optics of this become a problem. How many people are you willing to sacrifice for optics though? So Churchill has to debate these questions and eventually he will decide that it's more important to send troops to the island even if you're just adding to the number of prisoners the Japanese will eventually get to take.
这里还有一个问题，涉及到每个人在这个岛屿上都必须尽力抵抗。我认为可以说丘吉尔在1942年1月初是非常自信的，但大约在1月19日和20日左右，他突然意识到一些事情，几乎可以说，他似乎有点惊慌，或者对形势感到不安。他决定我们必须坚持抵抗，因为他甚至这么说过：因为俄罗斯人在莫斯科奋力抵抗德国精锐部队的先头部队，表现得相当不凡，而美国人在菲律宾顽强抵抗，如果我们不抵抗，看起来就会很糟糕。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
There's another question and this has to do with how hard everybody has to resist on this island. Churchill, I think it's fair to say that he goes from being pretty sure of things in the beginning of January to right around it's the 19th and the 20th of January 1942, when the light bulb goes on and he almost has, in my opinion only, he almost looks like he panics a little bit or freaks out about the situation. He decides that because he even says this: because the Russians are fighting so fiercely against the spearheads of elite German divisions, you know, for their life in Moscow and putting a pretty darn good account of themselves, and the Americans are resisting stubbornly in the Philippines, it would look terrible if we didn't resist.
这段话的大意是，丘吉尔作为首相，曾多次发出命令。第一次我注意到的是大约在19号，他告诉新加坡的人们必须死守。而随着时间的推移，他基本上希望把这里变成1945年的柏林，每一个坚固的据点都要被单独摧毁，军官将和他们的士兵一起在废墟中殉职，新加坡将成为他们的墓地。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Well, to Churchill issues commands—I mean, he's the prime minister—on multiple occasions, the first one that I see is on pretty much the 19th where he tells the people in Singapore that you've got to fight to the death. And as time goes on, it basically looks like he wants this to be Berlin in 1945 and every strong point is going to be destroyed individually; officers will die with their man in the ruins of Singapore will be our tomb kind of thing.
例如，在1942年1月19日，这正是他意识到问题严重性的时候，他向现场指挥官发布了一系列不同的命令，顺序从A到J。我想是这样的表单。其中的H点，这是丘吉尔写给伊斯梅将军的，H点的内容是——继续引用——“新加坡的全部男性人口都应该参与修筑防御工事；应尽可能严格地实施强制措施，直到工具供应不足为止。不仅要尽一切可能维护新加坡岛的防御，还必须为整个岛屿而战，直到每一个单位和每一个据点都被分别摧毁。”
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
For example, on January 19th, 1942, and this is right when he becomes aware that this is an issue, he will issue a bunch of different orders to the commander on the scene, listed A through J, I believe the list. Starting with point H, and this is, by the way, this is a Churchill to General Ismay, point H says—and continuing quote—the entire male population meaning of Singapore should be employed upon constructing defense works; the most rigorous compulsion is to be used up to the limit where picks and shovels are available. Not only must the defense of Singapore Island be maintained by every means, but the whole island must be fought for until every single unit and every single strong point has been separately destroyed.
最后，他写道，新加坡城必须被改造成堡垒，并誓死捍卫；绝不能考虑投降。引用结束。所以，他现在认为这个地方是无法防守的，对吗？你没有胜利的选项，但你必须以这样的方式输掉——这取决于你想把它称作什么——面子、尊严或荣誉。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Finally, he writes the city of Singapore must be converted into a citadel and defended to the death; no surrender can be contemplated. End quote. So you have here a place that he's now believing is indefensible, right? You have no options of winning, but you have to lose like this for—depends on what you want to label it—optics or pride or honor.
在我们将这些东西轻视为无关紧要的装饰品之前，我们需要意识到那些看似模糊难懂的词语实际上可能直接关系到真实的人命。这就好比说，你认为大英帝国的声望是支撑它的一个重要基石之一，那么如果这基石受到了严重损害会怎样？比如说，如果印度的人民起来反抗，那么可能会像中国那样，每次动荡都会造成大量的人员伤亡，因为人口基数太大。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Before we dismiss this stuff as window dressing that's not worth the lives of real people, let's realize that you know you're only a couple of dominoes tumbling before those seemingly amorphous, hard-to-quantify words actually equals real people. You think how much the prestige of the British Empire forms one of the pillars that holds it up and what if something like that is badly damaged? If people in India were to, for example, revolt, India is a little like China in the sense that whenever there's an upheaval it ends up costing a lot of lives because there's a lot of people.
这也将对战争行动带来成本，英国不得不派遣军队前往印度来平息问题并维持局势。我是说，这听起来可能像是不真实的事情——关于大英帝国的自豪、荣誉和声望——但相信我，在这场战争的中心，所有事情最终都会简化到最基本的层面，那就是生与死。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
It would also cost a war effort where the British had to then send forces to India to quell problems and maintain. I mean, it may sound like a non-real thing—the pride and the honor and the prestige of the British Empire—but believe me, everything in the middle of this war is going to devolve to the same thing at the lowest common denominator, and that's going to be life and death.
丘吉尔希望这些人表现出色，因为这将有助于巩固英国的自豪感和荣誉。他在2月10日，当时新加坡的局势已经变得非常严峻时，基本上公开表达了这一点。即便如此，丘吉尔仍然认为这里必须上演一场最终决战。他给总指挥官韦维尔将军写了一封信，在信中说：“我认为你应该意识到我们对新加坡局势的看法。参谋长委员会向内阁报告称，驻新加坡的珀西瓦尔将军手下有超过十万人，其中三万三千人是英国人，一万七千人是澳大利亚人。而日本人是否在整个马来半岛拥有相同数量的军队（即五个师前进，第六个师跟进）还存疑。在这样的情况下，”他写道，“防守方应该大大超过已经渡过海峡的日军，在一场殊死战斗中，他们应该能彻底消灭敌人。此时决不能考虑保存部队或保全平民。战斗必须不惜一切代价进行到最后。”
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Churchill wants these people to put a good showing because it will help cement, you know, the British pride and honor and he basically says that openly when on February 10th when things are much worse and the situation in Singapore has changed dramatically. Churchill is still of the opinion that there has to be a God of Dameron here. He writes a letter to General Wavell, who is the overall commander in the theater, and says quote, "I think you ought to realize the way we view the situation in Singapore. It was reported to the cabinet by CIGS that Percival, meaning General Percival in Singapore, has over a hundred thousand men, of whom thirty-three thousand are British and seventeen thousand Australian. It is doubtful whether the Japanese have as many in the whole Malay Peninsula, namely five divisions forward and a sixth coming up. In these circumstances," he writes, "the defenders must greatly outnumber Japanese forces who have crossed the straits and in a well-contested battle they should destroy them. There must at this stage be no thought of saving the troops or sparing the population. The battle must be fought to the bitter end at all costs."
第18师有机会在历史上留下自己的名字；指挥官和高级军官应该与他们的部队同生共死。大英帝国和大英陆军的荣誉岌岌可危。我依靠你们毫不留情地对待任何形式的软弱。随着俄国人奋战如常，美国人在吕宋岛顽强抵抗，我们国家和民族的声誉都被卷入其中。希望每一个单位都能与敌人紧密接触并战斗到底。”截到此为止。这份特别命令传达到韦维尔手中时，他又补充了一些内容提到，“嘿，中国人已经与这些人抗战了四年。”然后他将命令转交给负责指挥现场的珀西瓦尔将军。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
"The 18th division has a chance to make its name in history; commanders and senior officers should die with their troops. The honor of the British Empire and of the British Army is at stake. I rely on you to show no mercy to weakness in any form. With the Russians fighting as they are and the Americans so stubborn at Luzon, the whole reputation of our country and our race is involved. It is expected that every unit will be brought into close contact with the enemy and fight it out." End quote. When that particular order, I should say, reaches Wavell, Wavell adds some more things to it mentioning, "Hey, and the Chinese have been fighting for four years against these people," so he adds a little bit more and hands the order down to General Percival in command of the scene.
珀西瓦尔稍微带着一点责备，这在丘吉尔的写作中可以看出来，同时他又有点像在说：“嘿，你们人数多于敌人。”然后，珀西瓦尔把这份通知交给了他的下属们，让他们把信息传达给部队。我在彼得·汤普森的《新加坡之战》这本书中读到，其中一些指挥官直接撕毁了命令，而且大多数人根本没有告诉士兵指挥官们说了什么，因为他们知道地面上的部队被当作精锐部队和老兵来对待，而实际上这些人自从12月8日日本登陆马来亚以来，一直在恶劣的环境中奋战，已经疲惫不堪。我的意思是一群已经筋疲力尽的人却被责备没有拼命战斗，因为我们命令你们拼死战斗是为了面子。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Percival adds a little almost chastisement, which you can see in Churchill's writing, to a little bit of like, "Hey, you outnumber the enemy." Then Percival hands this note to his underlings who are supposed to distribute the message to the troops. I was reading, I think it was in the Battle for Singapore by Peter Thompson, where he says a bunch of these commanders simply ripped up the order and most never told them what the commanders were saying because they knew that the troops on the ground were being treated as though they were, you know, top-notch ready to go right off the parade grounds but also veterans instead of these people who have been fighting in these horrible conditions over and over since the Japanese landed on Malaya December 8th. I mean a bunch of people who've already exhausted and they're being chastised for not putting up a good enough fight when we've ordered you to die to the death because it doesn't look good.
我认为，如果你身处战场并且是其中一名士兵，当你已经连续数周双手被绑着背后战斗时，却被一群人暗示你们战斗得不够好，你可能会感到有些不满。因为正如我们所说的，1月的最后一天，堤道被炸毁；新加坡被切断。新加坡与日本的3至3.5万名士兵之间隔着一条护城河，而新加坡有8.5万名帝国士兵和一百万名平民。在这场战争的阶段，我们一再指出到处都是相互指责——你知道，谁该为珍珠港负责，谁该为这个或那个负责——这是最相互指责的时刻。到底新加坡这座堡垒城市的防卫在哪儿？如果这个堡垒新加坡的概念像是一个营销骗局，那么温斯顿·丘吉尔似乎是最相信这个炒作的人。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I think if you were on the ground and you were one of these soldiers, you might be a little bit bitter at a bunch of people who basically inferred you haven't fought well enough when you've been fighting with both hands tied behind your back now for weeks. Because on the last day of January, as we said, the causeway is blown up; Singapore is cut off. You have a moat separating the 30 to 35,000 Japanese troops from the 85,000 Imperial troops in Singapore with a million civilians in Singapore. In a phase of this war where we've pointed out over and over there's a ton of finger-pointing— you know, who's responsible for Pearl Harbor, who's responsible for this and that— this is the finger-pointingest moment of all. Where the hell are the defenses in Singapore, the fortress city? If this fortress Singapore idea is like a marketing scam, Winston Churchill kind of portrays himself as the most prominent person to buy deeply into the hype.
如果我们相信他的话，他可能是在考虑那些防御措施不错的地方的防御状况，尽管在那个时期这些防御可能并不那么有效。你会想到法国的马奇诺防线，以及希特勒在通过谈判和恐吓取得捷克防御之前，捷克的防御让他感到非常不安。如果真是这样，新加坡可能会是一个非常难以攻克的地方。但当然，正如丘吉尔指出的那样，他一下子发现了几个事实。他发现那些大家认为非常强大并能够对抗任何攻击的大炮，实际上是专门用来对付海上目标的。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And if we take him at his word and he was thinking of maybe what defenses were like in places that had good defenses, ineffective though they may have been from this time period, you think of the Maginot Line in France, you think of the Czech defenses that so unnerved Hitler before he was able to get them through negotiation instead and intimidation. If that were the case, Singapore might have been a really hard nut to crack. But of course, as Churchill points out, he found out several things all at once. He found out those big guns that everybody counts on to be so formidable and disrupt anything really are meant to be used against naval targets.
我们过去被教导说这些炮无法旋转攻击陆地目标，但显然这并不是真的。问题更多在于，它们拥有大量穿甲弹，却缺乏高爆弹。这些大型穿甲弹会深陷于丛林或地面，不会造成太大破坏。而由于这些是海军炮，弹道非常平直，这让它们在反炮兵中无用。也就是说，当日本人架设火炮来炮轰新加坡时，他们会使用榴弹炮这些能以高弧度发射炮弹的武器，可以藏在森林、山丘之后，这让那些平射炮无法打到它们。如果没有办法阻止日本人将火炮推进并轰炸，新加坡将会陷入大麻烦。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
We used to be taught that they couldn't spin around to hit anything on land, but apparently, that's not true at all. The problem has to do more with the fact that they have a lot of armor-piercing shells and not a lot of high explosive ones. Those big armor-piercing shells just bury themselves in the jungle or the earth; they don't do much damage. And because these are naval guns, the trajectory is pretty flat on these things, which makes them useless in a counter-battery role. What that means is when the Japanese pull up their artillery to shell Singapore, they're going to have these howitzers and things that lob shells you know in a high arc; they can be behind forests or hills or whatever those flat trajectory guns can't hit them. So if you have nothing to stop the Japanese from pulling their artillery close up and bombarding Singapore, Singapore's in big trouble.
然后就是“陆地战”的那部分。这归结到我们为什么花那么多时间研究那些战前规划者——他们低估了日本的实力。当日本人的表现超出了这些战前规划者的预期时，新加坡所依赖的防御就是完全不够的。说实话，大多数军队都无法在炮火中成功地跨越柔佛海峡发起两栖攻击。如果你是1939年的一名军事规划者，有人问你日本人能否做到这一点，很多军事规划者会觉得这是异想天开。可能只有极少数的军队有这种能力，对吧？但日本人真的做到了，并在1942年2月8日晚上证明了这一点，他们在夜间发起了类似“诺曼底登陆”的攻击，甚至在诺曼底登陆时也没有在夜里进行。到第二天早晨，他们已经登陆了一万三到一万四千人，并建立了一个滩头阵地。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Then there is the land word stuff. This boils down though to the reason we spent so much time on these pre-war planners who underestimated Japanese capabilities because when the Japanese prove that they can do things that the pre-war planners didn't think they could do, the defenses that Singapore was relying on are completely inadequate. Truth be told, most armies could not launch an amphibious assault across the straits of Johor under fire successfully, and if you're a military planner in 1939 and someone says can the Japanese do that, a lot of these military planners would have said are you crazy? I can count the number of armies that can do that on half of one hand. Right? But the Japanese could do that and prove it on February 8th, 1942 at night, of course, when they launch a D-day type assault under fire at night, which they didn't even do at Normandy, and by morning have landed 13 to 14,000 guys and have established a beachhead.
在整个战争期间，他们确实遭遇了来自日方最猛烈的炮击之一。日本人通常不擅长陆地炮击，尤其是大规模的火炮攻击，但在这里，他们向新加坡北部海岸发射了将近9万枚炮弹，制造了混乱，干扰了各种事务。随后，日本军队准备渡过这段宽度不足一英里的水域，我形容它为护城河。在渡河时，他们有的乘坐装甲运兵船或装甲驳船。不得不提，这种计划和能力展现出一种优雅，仿佛只在最精锐的部队中才会见到。这种协调，需要很高的技艺和精准才能不出差错，到1942年2月9日，他们已在新加坡岛西北部成功建立了滩头阵地。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Now they did have one of the heaviest bombardments from the Japanese side of things for the entire war. Now the Japanese were not big land artillery people, especially not massed artillery, but here they lobbed almost 90,000 shells against the northern coast of Singapore, created chaos, disrupted all kinds of things. And then when these Japanese hit the water to cross this, a little less than a mile in some places wide, I called it a moat. When they cross it, they're crossing it in some places on armored troop ships, you know, armored barges. I mean, talk about planning, talk about capabilities. There's an elegance to this that you would have expected to see only in the best armies. A coordination, this is hard stuff to do and not screw up, and by February 9th, 1942, they are in place in the northwest part of Singapore Island with an established beachhead.
顺便提一下，第二天丘吉尔写下了我们刚才提到的标准抵抗命令。到那时，他已经知道岛上有日本军队。日本突击部队并没有遭遇到大家以为可能存在的重型防御；他们不用面对碉堡、大量的火力点、地雷和铁丝网，而那些防御设施都是匆忙搭建的。我们需要指出的是，其中一些日本部队是皇室护卫队，他们被视为天皇的私人武士。这些都是经验丰富的老兵，是极具攻击力的尖刀部队。从这个时候起，新加坡的局势迅速恶化，甚至用不了一个星期，新加坡就在丘吉尔的“抵抗到底”命令发出后投降。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
By the way, the next day is when Churchill writes that order we just quoted, the standard die order. By then he would have known that there were Japanese troops on the island. The Japanese assault force did not have to face the heavy defenses that everyone had thought might be there; didn't have to face the bunkers, didn't have to face a lot of pillboxes and landmines and barbed wire, and what they did have to face was put together rather hastily. We should point out that some of these Japanese troops are imperial guard forces; they're considered the emperor's own samurai. They are veteran troops as well, they are particularly tip of the spear type guys, and from this moment on, the Singapore situation will degenerate to the point where it won't even be a week after Churchill's you know stand and die orders that Singapore will capitulate.
这情况不太妙。很多人受到了质疑，为什么会发生这种情况，但如果你真的拿本书去看所有细节，就会发现墨菲定律在这里完全展现，各种问题让你根本不知道要指责谁，尽管不同的人总是这样做。比如，多次出现关键命令被误解的情况，那到底该怪谁呢？是发布命令的高层指挥官，还是阅读并误解命令的下级指挥官？类似的问题有很多。整个部队和防线的一部分会错误后撤，这样就威胁到其他防线。而且，日本人正疯狂地进行渗透行动。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
That doesn't look good. A lot of people have been hammered for why this happens, but if you actually get a book and read all the specifics, it's Murphy's law could not have intervened more, and there's all kinds of things where you have no idea who to blame, although different people always do. Take for example, there's more than once where key orders are misinterpreted, so who's at fault there? The high command that issued the order that was misinterpreted or the lower commanders that read the order and misinterpret it? There's a bunch of those kinds of things. I mean, whole units and parts of the line will pull back incorrectly, threatening the rest of the line that has to then. I mean, and the Japanese are infiltrating like crazy.
我思考了一会儿，试图理解他们为什么如此擅长这个。以下只是我自己的理论，可能已经有更聪明的人提出来了，但我还是想说说。渗透，这个军事历史爱好者都知道的策略，并不是新鲜事。在上一次世界大战中，德国人就用过突击部队进行渗透，这次战争中很多军队也在用。渗透基本上是指隐藏在掩护后面，匍匐前进，绕过强点等等。如果你在高尔夫球场上这样做，效果有限；但如果你是在丛林中行动，想想看，这种环境是如何极大增强了渗透战术的效果。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I had to think for a while what might even account for why they were so effective at this, and just my own theory here, and it's probably already been proposed by much smarter people, but let me just throw it out there because infiltration, as you military history nuts know, is not a new thing. The Germans were doing it with stormtroopers in the last world war; a bunch of militaries do it in this war. But infiltration essentially means sort of hiding behind things and moving up and bypassing strong points and whatnot. Well, if you're doing this on a golf course, it's got one level of effectiveness; if you're doing it in the jungle, think about how much more effective it's an amplifier to the infiltration tactics.
日本人在这方面有另一个优势。虽然这么说有点不忍心，但这确实有些特别。我们之前提到过，日本指挥官愿意牺牲士兵的生命，这为他们的决策提供了一种手段，是大多数军事领袖所不具备的。其中之一就是他们愿意让部队陷入敌后，这正是渗透战术的本质。在战场上，最糟糕的情况就是被敌人包围，但渗透者则是故意进入敌后，将自己置于被包围的境地。这非常危险，甚至在某些情况下几乎是自杀性的。如果我是美国指挥官，你让我按日本人的方式进行渗透，我会说，你疯了吗？那样做会让大多数士兵陷入绝境。但日本人能够接受这一点，只要结果值得。他们的渗透者可以突破盟军的防线，然后找到一个缺口，嗖地穿过，从背后制造麻烦。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The other thing that the Japanese have going. for them is kind of you hate to say it's kind of cool because I mean but it's we talked about earlier how the willingness to expend human lives on the part of Japanese commanders gave them an arrow in their you know decision quiver their command quiver that most military leaders don't have and one of them is the willingness to allow their troops to trap themselves behind enemy lines because that's what infiltration essentially means what's the worst thing that can happen to you on a battlefield you get surrounded by the enemy right infiltrators are deliberately moving behind enemy lines and putting themselves in a situation where they are surrounded it's dangerous in fact it's practically suicidal sometimes if I'm an American commander and you tell me you want my troops to infiltrate the way the Japanese infiltrate I'm going to say are you out of your mind I'm not going to that will doom most of those troops the Japanese could live with that if the results are worth it and so they're infiltrators and they would poke through the allied lines and then find an opening and boom they're through it in the back causing trouble.
他们会发射照明弹和信号弹，以告知己方人员他们已经完成了。日本人在新加坡岛上使用的渗透战术同此前整个战役中的效果一样显著，而这场闪电战的其他要素同样成功。阅读一手资料，地面上的人常常谈到他们不断遭受空袭和轰炸；如果查看新加坡岛战役的头几天，就会发现整个马来亚战役中唯一缺失的因素仅仅是日本的装甲部队。大约在48小时内，山下将军会开始将装甲部队运过来，随后日军会迅速修复新加坡与大陆之间原本被破坏的堤道，让日军装甲车队可以直接开过来。战斗将很快从丛林和橡胶树地区转移到市郊，局势会变得有些诡异。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
They'll throw up star shells and flares to tell the people on their side of the lines that they're through the Japanese use of infiltration tactics on Singapore Island are just as effective there as they've been throughout the whole campaign so far and the other elements of the recipe in this Japanese blitzkrieg are equally successful I mean go read the primary source accounts the people on the ground are talking all the time about being pounded from the air strafed bombs don't just pounded all the time if you look at the first day or two on Singapore Island the only thing missing from the recipe that was so successful the whole way down Malaya is the Japanese armor and General Yamashita will start ferrying that over within about 48 hours and then the Japanese will get the inadequately destroyed causeway that used to separate Singapore from the mainland back up and running so that now the Japanese armored columns can just drive right on over and this war will quickly move from the jungles and rubber tree areas to the suburbs and it will get kind of weird there.
再一次，这并不是美国人非常了解的事情，但我们谈论的是人行道、街道、消防栓、前院草坪以及人们的两层楼房。这一切仿佛一转眼间，日本狙击手就藏在小女孩卧室的窗户里，从上层的右边射击站在公园中间的帝国部队，那个公园曾是孩子们玩耍的地方。我的意思是，这种战斗根本不言而喻，而常常在我们讨论军事时被忽略的一面，是那些住在那里的平民。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And again this is not something Americans are so aware of but we're talking about sidewalks and streets and fire hydrants and front lawns and people's two story homes the sort of thing where now all of a sudden the Japanese sniper is hiding in the little girl's bedroom in the upper right hand you know floor from the window and sniping imperial troops that are standing in the middle of the park where the kids used to play I mean it's that kind of fighting needless to say and this is an underappreciated side of the story sometimes when we get into all the military stuff are the civilians who live there.
现在有一段时间，他们开始远离战斗。我曾遇到一个曾在波斯尼亚战争中服役的人，他这样解释，因为他那时住在南加州。他说这就像森林大火，只不过在南加州这叫灌木丛火灾。你在远处看到，天空中冒着浓烟。你知道大火离这里只要开车25分钟，火那里非常猛烈。但现在这座城市的这个区域生活依然如常。然而，正如任何经历过火灾的人会告诉你的那样，大火会蔓延。战争也是如此，会移动。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Now for a while they start moving away from the fighting I had a guy who was in the war in Bosnia he explained it this way because he was living in Southern California at that time and he said it's like when you get a forest fire they're not forest fires they're brush fires in Southern California and you see it off in the distance and there's all this smoke in the sky and you know that you know 25 minute drive from here and it's very very very heavy over there but right now life continues in this section of the city just fine but of course the fire can move as anyone in the path of one of those will tell you the war can move too.
所以，有一段时间，如果你住在新加坡的城市地区，战争似乎只是远处的烟云。当然，也有在你附近的轰炸。但是，那些烟雾、火焰和大火正在逼近，友军的防线逐渐收缩，难民被压缩到一个地方，几天内就有一百万人挤在大约三平方英里的地方。而日本军队正在向水库推进，那些水库是水源的关键所在，而弹药也在不断减少。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And so for a while if you're a resident in the urban area of Singapore the war just looks off in the distance all that smoke and of course the bombing that's even going on near you but that smoke and that flame and that fire comes closer and the friendly lines are curling inward and the refugees are being compacted into a place where within a couple of days you have a million people crammed into like three square miles and the Japanese are advancing on the reservoirs that have the water supplies and the ammunition is dwindling.
在这里，人们有些时候会开始责怪部队本身。例如，澳大利亚军队可能会被指责，这很奇怪，因为他们一直是战争中最优秀的部队之一，在整个马来亚战役中表现出色。但现在在新加坡，他们有时会受到批评。不过，战斗非常激烈，当你了解这些战斗时，会发现其中很多是在夜间进行的，这使得在城市街道上的战斗更加混乱，情况有时非常艰难。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
This is where you get to some of the finger pointing stuff at the troops themselves there will be fingers pointed for example at Australian troops which is so weird because they are some of the best troops in the war they've been some of the best troops in the entire Malayan campaign but now at Singapore they're going to get flagged sometimes but the fighting is intense and when you read about the fighting and a lot of it going on at night which is extra chaotic right in city streets sometimes it's just it's very difficult.
你读这些描述，感觉真是可怕，我是说，这些是非常激烈的战斗。比如彼得·汤普森在他的书里引用了第18师的一位士兵的描述，说他们正从道路后面撤退，就像我们从汤普森路后撤那样。我一直很难想象这些城市冲突的场景，比如1945年的柏林战役，对我来说总是很难理解。但这就是情况，对吧？人们撤退到十字路口，就像你知道的超市所在的位置，就是这种感觉。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
You read these accounts and they sound wicked I mean heavy duty fighting I mean take this one from this was Peter Thompson's book but he quotes a soldier from the 18th division and you know they're pulling back behind roads like we pulled back behind Thompson Road. I mean I always had the hardest time picturing these sorts of urban conflicts like the Battle of Berlin in 1945 always so difficult for me to get my mind around but that's what this is right people are pulling back to the intersection where you know the supermarket is I mean it's that kind of thing.
在这种情况下，这位亲历者所在的部队撤退并在一个中国墓地设立了防御阵地，这里有着非常好的射界。他写道：“我们挖了战壕，那天晚上日本人开始攻击我们，我们与他们作战，有时甚至进行肉搏战。在这个巨大的墓地里，我们可以看到他们在各个小丘上。他们试图通过尖叫来进行恐吓，或者假装是我们的朋友并声称他们在推进。”
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So in this case this unit that this first hand account comes from had pulled back and set up a defensive position in a Chinese graveyard that had a really good field of fire and he writes quote we dug trenches and that night the Japanese started attacking we were in action against them sometimes in hand-to-hand fighting we could see them on various hillocks in this enormous graveyard they tried intimidating tactics by screaming out or they tried to imitate us by saying they were friends and they were advancing.
他们制造了巨大的噪音。我在两个小山头上分别驻扎了两个前沿排。在一个可怕的夜晚，他们渗入了其中一个排，并用刺刀袭击了一些士兵，士兵们的惨叫声令人毛骨悚然。另一次，我正在指挥所观察，突然看到一个日本军官和大约十二名士兵从后面悄悄接近一个前沿阵地。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
They made a tremendous noise I had two forward platoons on little hills and on one ghastly occasion they got in amongst one of the sections in the night and bayoneted some of the men the screams and cries of anguish were really quite terrible on another occasion I was watching out from my command post when I suddenly saw a Japanese officer and about a dozen men crawling up behind one of the forward positions.
幸运的是，我们的机枪营——诺森伯兰燧发枪团与我们在一起，我们有一组机枪。这是一个很好的目标，很快我们就挫败了那次攻击。但我的意思是，你会想到像是夜晚嘴里叼着刀悄悄接近你的海盗，太平洋战争有一种特殊的恐怖感，但是这些士兵似乎并没有表现出太多的畏惧，对吧。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Fortunately our machine gun battalion the Northumberland fusiliers were with us and we had a section of machine guns it was a very good target and in a very short time we had put paid to that attack end quote but I mean you do you think of like the pirates sneaking up on you with the knife between the teeth at night there's there's a particular horror to the Pacific War and it's that but these troops hardly seem like they're flinching very much right.
他们为什么会受到一些指责？部分原因似乎在于，我们之前提到过的，这些部队在指挥部的文件上看起来和实际的情况存在差异。指挥部通常位于新加坡，距离实际情况太远，指挥官不可能真正了解前线发生了什么。这种差异在于地图上用图标表示的部队是满员、装备齐全并且状态极佳的，而与实际地面的部队存在差距。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Why are they getting some blame some of it appears to be the difference as we said between what these units look like on paper back at the command post which is almost always in Singapore too far away from what's going on for the commanders to really know what's going on the difference between what their maps look like these paper icons representing these units at full strength fully equipped fully highly well rested the whole thing and the troops on the ground.
有一天，澳大利亚人会被指责不愿意作战。你知道，当你读指挥官们互相写的信时，会发现部队的士气并没有达到应有的水平。一位名叫Bennett的澳大利亚将军会以一种漫不经心的方式向一个始终参与战斗的单位的队长抱怨。这段话在Colin Smith的书中有所描述：“批评也来自一个令人意外的地方。‘我觉得士兵们不想打仗，’”将军Bennett告诉已经筋疲力尽的队长Frank Gavin。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
There will come a point when the Australians are accused of not fighting you know you read the commanders letters to each other the troops morale is not what it should be and the Australian general named Bennett will sort of in an offhanded way complain to this captain that is part of one of these units that's been fighting the whole time and this is recounted in Colin Smith's book and he says quote criticism also came from a surprising quarter quote I don't think the men want to fight end quote General Bennett informed an exhausted Captain Frank Gavin.
让我停下来。加文是那些在几周内拼命战斗的澳大利亚军官之一。现在请记住，他是以一名上尉的身份在和一名将军讲话。史密斯继续说道：“加文毫不避讳地说。”接着引用加文的话：“士兵们非常疲惫，他告诉班尼特，他们的口粮一直不稳定且不足，他们不断与敌人接触，他们感到自己被严重辜负了，我也有同感。”
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Let me stop here Gavin's one of these Australian officers that's been fighting like the devil for weeks and now remember he's speaking as a captain to a general here Smith continues quote Gavin did not mince words now quoting Gavin the men are very tired he told Bennett their rations have been irregular and inadequate they have been constantly in contact with the enemy and they feel that they have been badly let down I feel that too end quote.
当你仔细想想，有些事件中人们时常会提到一些例子，比如史密斯的书里有一个关于刺刀的事例。这种事会让你意识到，战斗其实是一个光谱的过程。在这个光谱的一个极端，我们可以称之为十或一，不管我们怎么定义，这一端代表了真实战斗中的英勇对抗，有时体现在真实的战斗中，这可以追溯到士兵行为的主题，如阿贾克斯、阿喀琉斯和荷马的时代。当然，还有施瓦辛格和史泰龙对峙的场景之类的，那些事情会发生。听到我说话的人可能曾经参与过那种级别的战斗。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Well when you think about it there are incidents that people point to sometimes there's one in Smith's book that involves bayonetting that just is one of those moments that reminds you you know combat is one of those things that's sort of on a spectrum and on one end of the spectrum let's call it the ten or the one whichever however we designate it but on one end of the spectrum is the heroic combat fighting that makes up well real combat sometimes and then themes of soldierly conduct going back to. Ajax and Achilles and Homer and all that but I mean the Schwarzenegger Stallone face-off you know whatever it might be and that stuff happens people listening to my voice now have probably been involved in those kinds of things right that level of fighting.
如果你走到光谱的另一端，从勇敢和英雄主义这些东西走开，你就会看到战争的另一个方面：悲惨、不高尚、肮脏，这些会给受害者和施害者都留下污点的东西。在其中一个事件中，当你了解到这些士兵刚刚担任他们部队的后卫时，他们负责阻挡敌人，以便他们的部队其余部分能够逃脱。而他们阻挡的敌人正是日本皇宫卫队的一部分。在某个时候，皇宫卫队的人数将超过澳大利亚后卫部队，随后皇宫卫队掏出刺刀进行冲锋。我相信这一切发生在夜晚，让人感觉像是城市环境中的战斗。史密斯继续讲述这个故事，而他是从一名皇宫卫队的日本下士的回忆中了解到的。这名下士是事件的亲历者。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Now if you go all the way to the other side of the spectrum though and you go away from bravery and heroism and all that stuff you get to the other aspect of combat the pathetic not ennobling dirty the thing that leaves a stain on the victims and the victimizers and one of these incidents I go into this because when you realize that these guys had just been acting as a rear guard for the rest of their units so they're the ones holding off the enemy so the rest of their forces can get away the enemy they're holding off happen to be elements of the Japanese Imperial Guard and at a certain point the Imperial Guard elements will outnumber the Australian rear guard elements and then the Imperial Guard whip out the bayonets and charge this is all happening I believe at night it certainly gives you the feel of like an urban situation in terms of the terrain Smith picks up the narrative and he got it from the remembrances of a Japanese corporal who was a member of the Imperial Guard.
于是，他写下了这次事件，而史密斯则为我们进行了翻译，并写道：“他们怒火中烧，寻找复仇的机会。首先是下士须贺尼（希望我发音正确），他与澳大利亚的后卫部队进行了一场手榴弹对决。在激动之中，他在高中时学到的棒球投掷技巧几乎让他吃了大亏，因他扔出的第一个距离太长，结果差点被对方扔回来的'菠萝'型手榴弹炸死。然后他们全都带着刺刀冲向敌人，一些人数已经严重不足的澳大利亚士兵开始奔逃。须贺尼追上一人，把他推倒在地，并在用刺刀刺入后听到一声'致命的惨叫'，然后拔出刀刃。须贺尼注意到其他人既没有逃跑也没有战斗。” 直接引用这位下士的话：“失去勇气后，有些士兵只是畏缩不前，采取观望姿态，避免肉搏战，他们也都被刺刀刺死或毫不留情地射杀。” 这就是战争的悲惨一面，你会觉得这些人被困在某个时间和地点，而这样的情景不断重演。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So he wrote about this incident and Smith sort of translates it for us and writes quote had their blood up and were looking for revenge first corporal Sushikani I hope I pronounced that correctly was involved in a grenade duel with the Australian rear guard in his excitement the baseball pitching skills he had acquired at senior high school almost undid him because he threw the first one much too long and was nearly killed by the pineapple variety of hand grenade that came back and rolled within two then they all charged with fixed bayonets some of the Australians now badly outnumbered started running Sushikani chased one down pushed him to the ground and heard a quote deathly yell as he impaled him with his bayonet and then withdrew the blade the corporal noticed that others were neither running nor fighting now directly quoting the corporal quote having lost their nerve some soldiers were simply cowering and avoiding the hand-to-hand combat in a wait-and-see position they too were bayoneted or shot without mercy end quote that's the pathetic side of combat where you just feel like here you have a bunch of people that are trapped in a place and a time and you see this over and over again.
如果这被认为是部队表现不佳，或者你觉得他们辜负了期望，你可能就会想要发泄一下吧。或许可以先让飞机停止在空中轰炸我们，这样也许当帝国卫队用刺刀冲向我们时，我们就不会跑得那么快。我不知道。短时间内，日本已经推进到一个位置，开始威胁新加坡的水源，然后他们开始占领这些地方，现在正面临人道主义灾难的危机。在此期间，丘吉尔和当地指挥官之间的信件逐渐缓和了关于“大家必须战死至最后一人”的论调，而新加坡的指挥官珀西瓦尔最终不得不接受投降条件，英军挥舞白旗投降的画面被拍下。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And if this is considered to be the troops not giving a good account of themselves or what have you you feel like they've been let down you just want to flip somebody off don't you how about you get the aircraft out of the skies and make them stop strafing us all the time and maybe we won't run so quickly when we're charged with bayonets by the imperial guard that outnumbers us I don't know within a short period of time the Japanese have advanced into a position where at first they start to threaten the water supply of Singapore and then they begin to capture those places and now you have a humanitarian disaster looming the letters between Churchill and the commanders locally begin to soften in terms of this everybody has to stand and die thing and Percival the commander in Singapore will end up having to accept surrender conditions where the British are photographed carrying a white flag and surrendering.
我认为，如果不是最多，也是英国军队历史上对敌作战中最多的帝国军队之一。哦，是的，在这一过程中还发生了更多的暴行。我不知道该多深入地描述这些暴行，有一个著名的，像在香港的医院袭击一样的事件发生了。而且，我们再次看到有士兵被强奸，受伤的士兵在病床上被刺刀杀害，真是令人心碎的事情。1942年2月15日，大约八万名盟军士兵被迫向日本投降，这些士兵将被押送到一种极为恐怖的囚禁状态，以二战中任何其他国家的标准来衡量，都是非常可怕的。毫无疑问，这些士兵将被带走并在囚禁中度过几年，其中包括珀西瓦尔将军。而在新加坡，各个族群的公民，包括华人、马来人等，也将同样在日本的占领下遭受痛苦。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I think if it's not the largest it's one of the largest number of imperial troops to a foe in the British army's history oh yeah and there's more atrocities while all this is going on I don't know to what depth to go into the atrocities there's a famous another one of the hospital attacks like the one in Hong Kong this one we'll see upwards and once again we have the rapes we have the bayonetting of wounded soldiers in their cots it's awful stuff and the 80,000 or so allied troops that have to surrender to the Japanese on February 15th 1942 will be carted off into a captivity that is nightmarish by the standards of any other power you want to grade against in the Second World War and needless to say that while those troops will go off and suffer for several years in captivity including General Percival by the way off to captivity himself the citizens all the different ethnic groups the Chinese the Malays all the people in Singapore are all going to suffer under the Japanese occupation there too.
有一些书，其中一些仅用中文写成，定期描绘来自新殖民者的当地凶杀、强奸和虐待事件。这些人在“亚洲归亚洲人”的旗帜下行事。他们没有说过这一切会很友善，而事实也确实如此。丘吉尔之前感到尴尬，因为他意识到，这对我们是一个震惊：我们似乎无法表现得更好，而俄罗斯人在对抗德国人时英勇奋战至死且取得了惊人的成就，美国人在菲律宾吕宋岛的表现也非常出色。不过，也有一些区别。因为吕宋岛以及整个菲律宾的事件与新加坡和马来亚发生的事情是同时进行的，但有几个关键不同点。首先，整个战役实际上是稍微晚一点才开始，大约是在1941年12月22日或23日，大约有4万日本军队在吕宋岛登陆，而马尼拉也在这里，然后一切马上就变得严峻起来。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
There are books written some of them just in Chinese that diagram on a regular basis the local homicides and rapes and mistreatment at the hands of the new colonizers right the ones that are doing it under the banner of Asia for the Asians they didn't say it was going to be nice necessarily and it's not going to be Churchill earlier had been embarrassed and said that you know this was a shock that we we can't perform better when the Russians are doing amazing feats and dying to the last man against the Germans and the Americans are doing so well in the Philippines at Luzon well there are some differences because the Luzon stuff all the Philippine stuff is happening simultaneously with the stuff going on in Singapore and Malaya and everything but there are some key differences forces first first of all the whole campaign really kicks off a little later like two weeks later troops land instantly but I think it's the 22nd 23rd or something of December 1941 when like 40,000 Japanese troops land on the big island Luzon where Manila is and then everything gets real right away.
与马来亚不同，马来亚几乎没有坦克，有些人说是很少，但大多数地方常说这里没有坦克，而菲律宾是有坦克的。面对日本登陆的坦克，这产生了很大的影响。如果当时帝国军队在马来亚有一批坦克，哪怕是性能差的，这一切会有所不同。这些不是后来战争中出现的大型重型坦克，其中很多是轻型坦克，但有总比没有好，而且能发挥不错的作用。当美军和菲律宾军队不断被压制和侧翼包抄时，这些坦克和其他部队能够提供某种掩护，使盟军能够撤退，而不至于在行动中被完全碾压，从而可以停下来巩固防线，进行更有力和顽强的防御。然而在马来亚，帝国军队从未得到这样的喘息机会以稳定局势。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
But unlike Malaya where there are few or no tanks one or the other some people say few but every place used to just say there are no tanks in Malaya there are tanks in the Philippines and it makes a very big difference against the Japanese tanks that are landed right if only the imperial troops had had a bunch of tanks in Malaya even bad ones these aren't big monster tanks that you're going to get later in the war a lot of them are light tanks but listen you're just glad to have anything and they give good service because when the Americans and the Filipinos will continually get pushed back outflankings the whole thing the tanks and other troops will be able to provide some sort of cover that allow in this case the allied troops or the Americans and the Filipinos to pull back and not get rolled up momentum wise they're able to stop and consolidate for a minute which allows a more sort of vigorous and stubborn defense in Malaya the imperial forces never got a chance to stabilize.
在菲律宾，一个重要的区别是，由道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟掌管情况，而不是珀西瓦尔将军，这将使情况有所不同。这提醒我，我们要从讨论丘吉尔转向谈论麦克阿瑟，这让我感觉我们完全接受了"伟人理论"，认为历史是由伟大的（通常是男性）人物主导的，就像巨人般站在历史之上。然而，这个理论由来已久，早在古希腊和罗马时期，他们就认为伟人推动了世界的进步。然而，还有其他的学说，如"趋势和力量"理论。例如，希特勒的崛起需要有合适的条件才可能发生，如果条件合适，就会有这样的领袖出现。但我认为，这个趋势和力量也与伟人理论相互作用。虽然我是趋势和力量理论的信奉者，但我的观点是，因其时代趋势和力量而崛起的人物，不一定是个怪人。换句话说，时间虽然适合某个人崛起，但这个人可以在这种趋势和力量中展现出个人的特点。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The other difference in the Philippines it's going to be different is you don't have General Percival in charge of things you have Douglas MacArthur in charge of things and that is a very different animal well any way you slice it to go from talking about Churchill inordinately to going and talking about MacArthur like we're about to makes me feel like we're completely embracing the great man theory of history and we're just going from one great usually male figure to another dominating the historical scene will standing astride history like a colossus but you know that's an old theory I mean Greeks and Romans all wrote that the great men move the world and whatnot and then there's all kinds of other theories that have cropped up since the trends and forces one right you can't have a Hitler unless the conditions for example are set up correctly for one to rise and then if they are set up correctly one will rise my counterpoint to that because I happen to believe the trends and forces but I believe it interacts with the great man theory my counterpoint is yeah but the figure that arises because of the trend and forces at the time doesn't have to be a quirky nut right you didn't say he had to be weird you just said time was right for somebody and to me that's where you put the personal stamp on the whole trends and forces thing.
我对麦克阿瑟也有类似的感觉，因为他是个极具魅力的人，但他的个性实际上会影响整个战争的进行方式，以及为什么事情会按照那样的方式发展。你会停下来想，“等等，即使当时的趋势和力量为像麦克阿瑟这样的人提供了绝佳的机会，但不一定非要产生一个像麦克阿瑟这样的人。” 为了更清楚地说明这一点，麦克阿瑟就像个“戏剧女王”。有趣的是，每个群体中都有这样的“戏剧女王”——无论是歌手、演员还是其他，当然，军队中也有这些自以为是的人。有人曾说过，当艾森豪威尔担任欧洲盟军最高指挥官时，他最大的优势之一就是能够在这些难以协调和合作的“戏剧女王”盟军将军之间进行调解，如巴顿和蒙哥马利这些人。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I feel similarly with MacArthur because he's a fascinating dude but his personality is actually going to impact how the whole war is fought and why things go the way they do and you turn around and go well wait a minute even if the trends and forces make it just perfectly ripe for a guy like MacArthur to rise they didn't have to produce a guy like MacArthur this just so we make it perfectly clear is a diva and he's a diva in the way you know it's funny every sort of group of people that has a diva class amongst them whatever they may be singers actresses whatever it might be generals are another one of those types where they just produce these prima donnas it was once said by somebody that I read that one of the great gifts that Eisenhower had when he was the commander of allied forces in Europe was that he was the one guy who could sort of mediate between a group of prima donna allied generals who you know were tough to coordinate and interact and get to work together the Pattons and the Montgomery's and all those guys.
玛莎·盖尔霍恩曾是二战期间的战地记者，并与欧内斯特·海明威有过一段婚姻。她无疑是战地新闻中更为有趣的人物之一，不用说，她是那个时代为数不多的女性记者之一，而且非常坚韧。她走过许多地方，采访过很多人、政府和体制。她曾说过一句话，我大致记得，她的意思是：在任何地方政治家和将军们都是一样的，不管政治体制如何，他们就是同一种类型。这让我想，也许那些有可能成为或有意愿成为将军的人，在军事上往往表现得像个大牌人物和傲慢无礼的人，是因为这些特质驱使他们成为将军，还是这些特质吸引他们走上这条路，或者说成为将军以及随之而来的各种特权让他们变成了军事上的“大牌”。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Martha Gellhorn who was a second world war war correspondent married to Ernest Hemingway for a while definitely one of the more interesting journalistic figures in war correspondence and needless to say a very early woman on the scene and tough as nails and she went to all these places and talked to all these people and all these governments and systems and she said and I'm quoting from memory but she basically said that the politicians and the generals are the same everywhere you go it doesn't matter what the political system is. or anything they're just they're a type and it made me think that either the kind of people who are going to turn out or likely to turn out or most of the time turn out to be prima donnas and divas in a military sense are those the kind of guys that have the drive to become generals in the first place or does it attract those kind of people or does being a general and all the perks that come along with that turn you into a military diva.
我不知道，但麦克阿瑟是你所能见到的最典型的例子。他像是他自己的漫画版，并且因为这种类型而被恶搞的次数比我见过的任何人都多。从《风流军医俏护士》到《辛普森一家》，大家都模仿他嘴里叼着烟斗、戴着墨镜的样子，还有他那铁一般的下巴。麦克阿瑟是个独特的人物，但也很古怪。从心理上讲，我心里有一条界线，有些人跨过了这条线，至于他们具有什么我说不清楚，只知道他们在界线的另一边，而我们大多数正常人是在这边。那条界线就在于，那些常常以第三人称称呼自己的人，我不知道这种行为意味着什么，但麦克阿瑟显然在那条线的另一边，因为他就是这样的。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I don't know but MacArthur is the best example of type you'll ever see he's a caricature of himself and he's been lampooned for his sort of type more than anybody I've ever seen from MASH to the Simpsons to everybody they got the corncob pipe smoking dark sunglasses I mean iron jaw I mean MacArthur is a unique figure but he's weird I mean I have a line in the sand psychologically speaking where on the far side of that line I can't say what you have I just know you're on the far side of the line and most of us normal people are on this side of the line and the dividing line is people who seriously refer to themselves regularly in the third person I don't know what it means to do that but MacArthur is on the far side of that line because he does that.
他是这样一个人，很难用简单的词语来形容他吸引人的地方。并不是因为他奇怪，而是因为他能够实现自己想象中的种种期望。历史学家克雷格·L·西蒙斯这样描述这个人的背景：从他首次出现在军事舞台时起，就如同一个金童。西蒙斯写道：“道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟从那时起至今一直是受人钦佩和批评的焦点。”他是亚瑟·麦克阿瑟将军的独子，后者因在南北战争中在传教士岭的英勇表现获得荣誉勋章。这位小麦克阿瑟在西点军校读书时就已经有些名声，他在1903年以第一名的成绩毕业。第一次世界大战期间，他表现出色，1919年他以39岁的准将身份回国，获得了两枚杰出服役十字勋章和不少于七枚银星勋章。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
He's one of these people though that it's hard to I mean what makes him really interesting is not that he's weird like that but that he kind of lives up to the hype of his own imagination also I mean here's the way historian Craig L. Simons runs down you know a little bit of this guy's background he's sort of the golden child from the time he first appears on the military scene and Simons writes quote Douglas MacArthur was then and remains today a lightning rod for both admirers and critics the only child of General Arthur MacArthur who had been awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroism on Missionary Ridge during the Civil War the younger MacArthur had been something of a celebrity even during his cadet days at West Point where he graduated first in the class of 1903 during the First World War he had performed brilliantly returning from the war in 1919 as a 39-year-old brigadier general with two distinguished service crosses and no fewer than seven silver stars.
他成为西点军校的校长，然后在1930年50岁时成为美国陆军参谋长。关于麦克阿瑟的声誉各有不同，这取决于你问的是谁。有些士兵对他颇有微词，因为麦克阿瑟以非常强硬的手段镇压了一些活动，实际上可以说是骚乱。那是胡佛总统任期内的一场长期抗议活动，参与者是一些老兵，由于处于大萧条时期，他们希望能提前领取原本预定的老兵奖金。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
He became West Point superintendent then in 1930 at the age of 50 he became the U.S. Army Chief of Staff end quote MacArthur had a mixed reputation though amongst troops depends on who you ask like there were a bunch of troops that had a sour taste in their mouth because it was MacArthur who with an extremely forceful hand broke up some well they became riots I guess you could say but there was a long-term protest during the Hoover administration by people during the depression who were veterans and who wanted their veteran bonus payments given out to them earlier than originally specified because well it was the Great Depression.
而麦克阿瑟，众所周知他是所有老兵的一员，麦克阿瑟实际上摧毁了这场营地奖赏行动，因此许多人对他心存怨恨，一直耿耿于怀。然而也有像艾森豪威尔这样的人，对麦克阿瑟的看法不同，具体看你读艾森豪威尔哪部分的话，因为可以找到他对麦克阿瑟的正评和负评。他认为麦克阿瑟的思维非常有趣且优秀，但同时觉得他太过戏剧化。另一方面，西蒙斯继续谈到麦克阿瑟早期的辉煌，仿佛从军事英雄家庭中诞生，为这个角色而生。西蒙斯写道，麦克阿瑟这个人除了显著的智力禀赋外，他的个人气质中还带有一种过于明显的自我关注，这让他的许多同时代人感到反感。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And MacArthur you know these are all veterans MacArthur sort of crushed this encampment the bonus and there were people that held that against him forever afterwards and then there were people like Eisenhower and it depends on what you read from Eisenhower because you can find him saying good things and bad things I mean he just he thought MacArthur's mind was crazy interesting and good but at the same time that the guy was overdramatic like well Simons continues he talks about the other side right that goes with MacArthur as this glittering golden child from you know long ago almost like born to the role from a military hero father and Simons writes a quote then there was the man himself in addition to his obvious intellectual gifts MacArthur's personal demeanor included an all too evident self-regard that put off many of his contemporaries.
他似乎一直意识到自己是一个历史人物，即使在私下场合，他也常常表现得好像在舞台上演讲，来回踱步，并用他的玉米芯烟斗做夸张的手势。他无视甚至贬低别人的意见，把批评视为叛国而不仅仅是分歧，正如历史学家马克斯·黑斯廷斯所说。而黑斯廷斯则进一步评价道，"麦克阿瑟将他的批评者视为不仅仅是错误，而是邪恶，这几乎到了精神错乱的边缘。" Simons继续说，"这些特性导致许多他要共事的人对他反感，包括金和尼米兹。麦克阿瑟拥有惊人的记忆力、深厚的历史知识和快速而敏锐的思维。然而，是否具备协调多国陆海空力量的外交敏感性，还有待观察，而这正是他之前的助手德怀特·艾森豪威尔所展现出的显著能力。"
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
He seemed ever conscious of himself as a historical figure and frequently behaved even in private as if he were declaiming from a stage pacing back and forth and gesturing theatrically with his corncob pipe. He discounted even disparaged the opinions of others and saw criticism as less disagreement than treason as the historian Max Hastings put it. Now quoting Hastings, quote MacArthur's belief that his critics were not merely wrong but evil verged on derangement. Simons continues, quote these characteristics repelled many of the men he had to work with including King and Nimitz. MacArthur had an astonishing memory a deep knowledge of history and a quick and incisive mind. It remained to be seen however if he also possessed the diplomatic sensitivity to orchestrate the land air and sea forces of several countries a skill so evident in his former aide Dwight Eisenhower.
引用结束。我个人认为，毫无疑问，这个人有能力凭借其天赋完成任何重大任务，而且从小就对自己的才华进行了打磨，这让他成为一个非常有成就和才华的人。当然，这也意味着他有自己复杂的一面，这一点非常有趣。在詹姆斯·M·斯科特（James M. Scott）撰写的《狂暴：麦克阿瑟、山下和马尼拉之战》一书中，作者试图深入刻画麦克阿瑟这个人物，他引用了几位与麦克阿瑟共事过的人，他们都称赞麦克阿瑟的大脑非常聪明，可以说是天才中的天才。这些将军们都表示钦佩，他引用了曾在麦克阿瑟手下工作的菲利普·拉·福莱特（Philip La Follette）的话，称“他的头脑几乎像完美的机器般美妙”。因此，大家都很佩服他的智慧，但有趣的是，与他单独相处时，发现他竟然以第三人称来称呼自己，这真的很奇怪。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
End quote. I personally don't think that there's any doubt that this guy had what it took to do any of these monumental things in terms of his raw talent and the polishing of the diamond that he had done since he was young. This is a very accomplished very gifted person but with it comes the rest of this package and it's interesting as heck. In his great book Rampage: MacArthur, Yamashita, and the Battle of Manila, author James M. Scott tries to flesh out the MacArthur figure and he quotes several people talking who worked with him who were talking about the great brain. Right? He's just a brilliant man, genius genius. These generals are all saying he quotes Philip La Follette who served on MacArthur's staff as saying quote his mind was a beautiful piece of almost perfect machinery end quote. So everybody admires this guy's brain but it's weird being alone with him and having him refer to himself in the third person.
斯科特引用德怀特·艾森豪威尔的一句话，说这种经历让人感到不寻常，但随着时间的推移，他习惯了它，觉得这不是一件让人反感的事，只是有点奇怪。接着，他说，当你和麦克阿瑟交谈时，用"讨论"这个词并不合适，因为这更像是一场独白。麦克阿瑟有一种有趣的说话方式，这在某种程度上丰富了他的性格。就像那些剧场演员一样，他们下台后说话仍带着舞台上的腔调，非常富有戏剧性，甚至可能使用古老的词汇。麦克阿瑟喜欢用古老的词汇。斯科特引用了一位记者的话来让人感受麦克阿瑟的说话风格，他说麦克阿瑟经常像用稀有香料增添独特风味一样使用古老的词汇。这也解释了斯科特书中引用的罗斯福总统的一句话，罗斯福说，他说话的声音就像来自神谕者的洞穴。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Scott quotes Dwight Eisenhower as saying about the experience quote the sensation was unusual in time I got used to it and saw it not as objectionable just odd. He then goes on to say that the word discuss or discussion is not the right word to use when you're having a discussion with MacArthur it's more like a monologue and he had an interesting way of talking that in a way fleshes out the character. It's like those theater folk who come off stage and they still sound like they're on stage when they talk. Very dramatic using maybe archaic words MacArthur used archaic words. Scott quotes a journalist trying to give you a sense of the way MacArthur talked and he says quote he often used archaic words and terms as one might a rare spice for extraordinary flavor end quote. Well that explains president Roosevelt's line also quoted in Scott's book. Roosevelt said that he talks in a voice that might come from an oracle's cave.
如果你用那些古老的词汇和术语来修饰，说话时用第三人称，甚至用类似舞台上的声音，那么你听起来就像一个先知。你知道该如何迎合观众，这是这个人性格中奇特的一面，也让他在历史上的形象更加有趣。不过当然了，我不必和他共事。这个人也很懂得如何利用当时的媒体。如果在他那个时代有推特或其他社交媒体，他肯定有十亿的粉丝。他在菲律宾指挥时，拥有一条直接通往美国媒体的渠道，那些媒体急切地等待他提供的任何信息，而当他提供信息时，大多数时候只提到一个人：他自己。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Well if you spice it up with those archaic words and terms speak of yourself in the third person and use almost like a stage voice well yeah you sound like an oracle. You just know how to play to the crowd right but it's a weird part of the guy's character makes him more interesting as a historical figure but then of course I don't have to work with him. This is a person who also knows how to use the media of his time. I mean if Twitter or any of the other social media outlets have been around in his day he'd have a billion followers. He had his own direct pipeline from the Philippines where he was commanding to the U.S. media outlets who were hungrily waiting for any info he gave and when he provided that info most of the time it only mentioned a single person: him.
历史学家罗纳德·H·斯佩克特在《鹰对太阳》一书中谈到麦克阿瑟的宣传机器，他说：“麦克阿瑟在美国的崇高地位部分归功于他自己非常高效的公关组织。美国公众所阅读的大部分菲律宾战事新闻都来自麦克阿瑟的公告和新闻发布。在他总部从12月至3月发布的142份公告中，有109份只提到一个人：麦克阿瑟。”斯佩克特随后引用了另一位历史学家的观点，他指出，麦克阿瑟总是能在新闻发布中多次提到自己的名字，即使内容并不特别关于他。例如，公告中不会说“美国军队在巴丹的右翼”，而是会说“麦克阿瑟在巴丹的右翼”；同样，不会说“第十团的士兵”，而是会说“麦克阿瑟的人”。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Historian Ronald H. Spector in Eagle Against the Sun writes about the MacArthur press machine and says quote MacArthur's great stature in the United States was in part due to his own highly efficient public relations organization. Most of the war news from the Philippines which the American public read came from MacArthur's communiques and press releases of 142 communiques released by his headquarters between December and March, 109 mentioned only one individual: MacArthur end quote. Spector then quotes another historian that points out that MacArthur had a way of getting his name into the press releases in multiple places even when it's not about him particularly. Like instead of saying you know the US army's right flank on Bataan the press release would say MacArthur's right flanks on Bataan and instead of saying something like you know the 10th regiment's soldiers it says MacArthur's men.
那位历史学家说，这些公报遗漏了作战单位、指挥官以及立下赫赫战功的个人名字。在华盛顿特区， 在两次世界大战之间，人们传言麦克阿瑟有另一面。他曾被指控 "东方化"，据说有一段时间在办公室穿着和服、用日本扇子扇风，并用镶嵌珠宝的烟嘴抽烟，总之是个非常有趣的人。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And that historian said the communiques omitted the names of combat units, commanders, and individuals who had performed exceptional exploits. MacArthur also had this other side which was something you know as part of the rumor mill back in Washington D.C. between the two world wars. I mean MacArthur was accused of going oriental as it was called at one point, wearing kimonos around the office fanning himself with a Japanese fan and smoking from a jeweled cigarette holder just an interesting guy all the way around.
问题在于，对麦克阿瑟的看法一直存在一个范围。这个范围的一端是麦克阿瑟的狂热支持者，他们相信麦克阿瑟的世界观，认为他被从美国海军到多位总统等所有人背叛了。他们认为麦克阿瑟是美国历史上最伟大的军人，他在与总统的对抗中是对的，甚至认为他本应有一天成为总统。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The problem was is that there has always been a spectrum of views on MacArthur and on one end of the spectrum are the MacArthur groupies, the super fans, and they are the people who buy into MacArthur's world view that he's been stabbed in the back by everyone from the U.S. Navy to multiple presidents to whatever it might be that this was the greatest soldier in American history that he was the person who was in the right in those confrontations with the presidents and in fact should have been the president someday himself.
在这个范围的另一端，有些人认为麦克阿瑟有点失去理智，这种看法在我小时候的20世纪70年代就常被嘲笑。有人说麦克阿瑟的视野受到他自身伟大光环的阻碍，以至于他看不到真实的世界，仿佛活在自己的世界里。他有时会向裕仁天皇发布命令，甚至向华盛顿提出不切实际的要求，让人不禁对他本人产生疑问。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Then on the far opposite end of the scale you have the people who think and this was always part of the lampooning when I was a kid in the 1970s that MacArthur is sort of delusional, that the real world is sort of blocked from his vision through the cataract of his own greatness and he's kind of like blithely out of it. Sometimes you'll see him issue orders too in Hirohito's, where Francis Pike has some of this he deals with, he'll issue these orders that are or make these demands on Washington that are so out of touch with reality that you wonder about the man himself.
例如，在珍珠港事件后，菲律宾战斗刚开始的时期，麦克阿瑟建议华盛顿立即用海军力量攻击日本本土，因为日本的军力都在忙着对付他。然而，这种想法实在不切实际，因为当时美国海军根本连保卫菲律宾都力不从心，更别提对日本本土发动攻击了。派克还引用了海军上将哈特的话。哈特是驻菲律宾的美国海军指挥官，在战前与麦克阿瑟关系密切，甚至视他为朋友，但随着战争临近，这段友谊开始破裂。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
For example, in the early days of the fighting on the Philippines after the Pearl Harbor attack, MacArthur is urging Washington to strike the Japanese home islands now with naval assets right away since they're all occupied fighting him. Well, this is delusional because that's the same time that the Navy's telling Roosevelt they can't even defend the Philippines forget about launching a strike on the Japanese home islands. Pike also quotes Admiral Hart, who was the naval commander of U.S. assets in the Philippines and who worked closely with MacArthur between the wars and who considered him a friend, himself a friend of MacArthur until the war got close and the friendship broke down.
这段话的意思是：派克引用海军上将哈特的话说，他告诉他的妻子，他不确定麦克阿瑟是否“完全理智”，然后又补充说，他可能已经有段时间不太理智了。这到底什么意思呢？尽管我一生中读了很多关于道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟的资料，但我仍然觉得他是一个难以捉摸的人物。我无法理解这个想法——也许他就像一个活在自己世界里的人，就像麦咕先生一样，一路从一个军事胜利磕磕绊绊地走向另一个。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Pike quotes Admiral Hart as telling his wife that he's not sure MacArthur is "altogether sane," and then he adds that he may not have been altogether sane for some while now. What does that even mean? I've read a ton about Douglas MacArthur over my lifetime and I still find him as a figure completely impenetrable. I don't know how to process this idea that maybe he's this out of touch thing living in his own world like a Mr. Magoo stumbling on from one military good thing to another triumph.
在他余生中，他将会做许多事情，即使在最理想的条件下也显得非常艰难。我认为，如果一个人不脚踏实地，这些事情就几乎不可能做到，这只是我的看法。同时，这个人非常复杂，以至于有时候你很难对他产生明确的感觉，除非你完全站在他立场的两个极端之一。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
He's going to do a lot of things in the rest of his life that seem like really hard things to do under the best of conditions. I would think if you weren't grounded in reality they would be impossible, that's just my view. At the same time, this guy is so complicated that sometimes it's difficult to know how you feel about him unless you find yourself unreservedly on one of the two polarities on the guy.
另外一种看待他的方式是我们之前提到的“狡猾如狐狸”的方式。你知道这个家伙会有多少推特粉丝吗，或者他是多么善于利用当时的媒体？那么，这一切有多少是为了宣传目的呢？对吧？我有个朋友问我，他是不是在耍我们？艾森豪威尔曾经评价他的老上司，说他会是一名出色的演员，而且基本上他为这位上司工作了七年，也算是跟他学了七年戏剧。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
There's another way of looking at him too which is the crazy-like-a-fox way we mentioned earlier. You know how many Twitter followers this guy would have, how well he used the media of the day? Well, how much of this is all for publicity purposes? Right? I had a buddy he said is he putting us on? Eisenhower had said about his old boss that he would have made a great actor and that he studied dramatics under him for seven years basically when he worked for him.
这是品牌塑造的一部分吗？对吧？也许你可以这样想，麦克阿瑟是在为将来的总统竞选做好准备，而这都是品牌塑造的一部分。在你彻底否认之前，历史上有一些作家和历史学家对当时的其他公众人物也提出过类似的指控。比如丘吉尔，他的雪茄、随时随地的酒、帽子、胜利手势——这些都可以被印在海报上，对吧？非常好的品牌，你可以明确知道你面对的是谁。它有双重作用，一方面提升丘吉尔个人形象，另一方面也推动他所支持的任何事业。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Is this all part of branding? Right? Maybe you think about it this way, maybe MacArthur's positioning himself for an eventual presidential run and this is all part of the brand. Before you dismiss it out of hand, some writers and historians over the eras have made similar charges against other public figures from that time. Churchill, even for example, the cigar, the ever-present booze, the hat, the V sign. You could put it on a poster couldn't you? Wonderful brand, you know exactly who you're dealing with. It serves two purposes, it promotes Churchill personally and whatever cause he wants to push at the same time.
如果丘吉尔能做到，麦克阿瑟也能做到，所以也许这是一种作秀。对此我的反应是，我是个喜欢怀疑的人。我对这样的事情看得很透。这是一种即使对我这样的人也有效的作秀，可能正是为了像我这样的人而设计的。让我给你讲一个我最喜欢的麦克阿瑟故事，你就能明白要把这种事情按在他身上有多难。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Well if Churchill could do it MacArthur could do it so maybe it's a put-on. My response to that is you know I'm a cynical. All those kind of things I see right through this is the kind of put-on that would work even for me and it's possible it's geared toward working on people exactly like me. Let me tell you one of my favorite MacArthur stories and I'll just give you an idea of how hard this guy is to pin down for this kind of stuff.
所以他被指责在我们即将面临的整个灾难期间，没有足够频繁地去探望驻扎在菲律宾的部队。他只去过一次，但那次探访被看作是件大事，因为他是从安全的地下掩体出来，亲临前线阵地视察。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So he gets accused of not visiting the troops often enough in the Philippines during the whole disaster we're just about to get into. He only does it once but it's as highly you know it's a big deal right he's coming to the foxholes from he's been safe underground.
科雷吉多岛发布新闻稿抱怨这里的情况有多糟糕，但他本人并没有真正去到那里参与泥泞和激烈的战斗。然而，有几位将军，包括韦恩赖特，将军们都在现场非常努力地工作。所以，当麦克阿瑟决定去的时候，这被认为是件大事。有些士兵谈论他们的着装过于正式，裤子有折痕，鞋子擦得锃亮。而麦克阿瑟则带着他标志性的玉米芯烟斗、墨镜和那顶特别的军帽。这顶帽子是麦克阿瑟自己设计并稍作装饰的，在其他美国军官那里是找不到的，它就是“麦克阿瑟帽”。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The island of Corregidor putting out press releases about how terrible things are here but he hasn't actually gone there in the mud and the blood but there are generals out there who have been Wainwright's out there you know getting I mean just working his tail off so MacArthur's gonna go it's this big deal he comes in some of the troops talked about how overdressed they were they're in creased pants and shine shoes MacArthur's got the corncob pipe the dark glasses he's got the cap good luck finding that cap on any other U.S. military officer in any other service it's basically you know self-designed he gussied it up a bit it's the MacArthur cap.
他出现了，并且整整一天都在查看防御工事，很多人那天都看到了他。我朋友会说，这可能是计划的一部分，媒体应该也知道了。如果这发生在今天，肯定会在社交媒体上被大量转发，他会成为热门话题。今天最火的新闻可能就是道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟访问巴丹的军队。那天有很多人见到了麦克阿瑟，并有不同的见证记录。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
He shows up and he tours the defenses for the whole day a lot of people saw him that day and my buddy would have said that's probably part of the plan press would have known about it it would have been one of those things where I mean if this was today there'd be a bazillion retweets and he'd be trending you know the number one thing today on Twitter Douglas MacArthur visits the troops in Bataan there are multiple accounts of different people who saw MacArthur that day.
在《未被击败》中，作者比尔·斯隆讲述了一位美国士兵的经历。这名士兵当时身处一个战壕中，而那个区域正遭受日军飞机的猛烈打击，炸弹和扫射不断。他瑟缩在战壕里，只想着如何活命。突然，他抬头一看，发现麦克阿瑟将军正从容不迫地向他们走来，身边还有另一位将军和一些参谋官员。顺便提一下，这名士兵的名字是拉尔夫·希布斯上尉。斯隆描绘了希布斯看到麦克阿瑟和他的随行人员从战斗区的山坡上走来时发生的情景。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
In undefeated author Bill Sloan gives an account from a U.S. soldier who was in a foxhole in an area that was being hit particularly hard at that time by Japanese aircraft lots of bombing lots of strafing and this soldier's in the foxhole just cowering down trying not to die and he looks up and here's General MacArthur strolling casually towards them with another general and staff officers the soldier's name by the way is Captain Ralph Hibbs and Sloan has Hibbs explaining what happens when he sees MacArthur and these men trailing behind him you know coming over the hill in the battle zone towards him.
希布斯上尉回忆说：“我从掩体里跳出来，不假思索地做了个相当笨拙的敬礼。然而，麦克阿瑟挥手示意让我待在原地，他挥舞着指挥马鞭，大步穿过开阔的草地。这时，又有几架零式战机飞来。他的几个助手拉着他的衬衫，劝他趴下，但他不理会，坚持走着。炸弹落得相当近，但将军对这一切完全无动于衷。而我，只是在自己的掩体里。我心想，这真是一个勇敢的人。”麦克阿瑟的勇气从未被质疑过。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Captain Hibbs says quote I jumped out of the foxhole and gave a rather clumsy salute without thinking Hibbs later recalled MacArthur waved to stay put and swinging his riding crop vigorously with great strides moved across the open meadow as more zeros came winging in a couple of his aides were tugging on his shirt and telling him to get down but he shrugged them off and kept walking the bombs landed fairly close but the general was completely oblivious to them me I was in my foxhole there is a really brave man I thought end quote MacArthur's courage has never been in doubt.
我的朋友可能会提出一个有趣的问题，就像一些人对麦克阿瑟和其他那些超级明星将军所提出的问题一样。顺便提一下，这些将军可能都对媒体非常敏感，甚至可能有点过于懂得如何运用媒体。那么，道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟这样做是为了谁呢？他会说这是为了士兵们，这一点毫无疑问，他的出现确实大大提高了士气。所以也许这是事实，但这就是事情的全部真相吗？道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟是一个很难被看透的人。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
My buddy might ask the interesting question though that some have asked about MacArthur and some of these other really superstar generals by the way all of them a little bit media maybe overly media savvy who's Douglas MacArthur doing all this for he would say he's doing it for the men and there's no doubt that guy his morale skyrocketed so maybe that's the truth but is that the whole truth Douglas MacArthur is a hard guy to figure out.
不过，我要告诉你，如果这只是一个宣传噱头，我之前跟我朋友说过类似的话，但这次我想出了一个更好的比喻。如果这真的是一个宣传噱头，那就像一个人在两座摩天大楼之间拉了一根钢丝绳，然后拿着杆子走过去的那种噱头。虽然他可能邀请媒体来观看，这可能是个吸引大家关注他的借口，但这并不虚假。麦克阿瑟那天做的事情也不虚假。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I'll tell you this though if this is a publicity stunt and I said this to my friend I think I used a different analogy I came up with a better one but if this is a publicity stunt it's the kind of publicity stunt that reminds you of like a person who would string a tight rope between two skyscrapers and walk across it carrying a pole I mean he may have invited the media to come and watch it may be an excuse for everybody to come and cover him but it's not phony and what MacArthur did that day is not phony either.
有一天晚上，我正走过电视机旁，想着麦克阿瑟，突然灵光一闪。当时电视里传来一句话，我的妻子恳求我不要使用这个参考，因为她说我会让自己难堪，因为我对这个话题一无所知。我不清楚这个人物的背景，也不知道他为什么有这个绰号。我只是当时听到后立刻觉得，"局势"应该是道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟的绰号。这听起来就像他在华盛顿特区的代号。总统罗斯福、马歇尔将军以及许多海军上将和其他人看来，道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟就是“局势”的代名词。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I was walking past the TV the other night and thinking about MacArthur and a light bulb went on over my head when I heard something on the television and my wife begged me not to use this reference because she said you'll embarrass yourself because I know nothing about it I know nothing about the character I don't know why he has this nickname I just knew when I heard it that that should be Douglas MacArthur's nickname it should be Douglas the situation MacArthur to me that sounded exactly like what his code name should be in Washington DC that's what that's what they should call him in the White House when they're talking about him because to people like Roosevelt and General Marshall and most of the admirals a lot of other people Douglas MacArthur is the situation.
关于道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟，有个有趣的事情：如果他发现自己的绰号是“局势”，他可能也会喜欢这个，因为他希望自己被所有人牢记在心。他认为自己应该是大家关注的重点，实际上他希望自己拥有更高的优先级。事实上，他非常不满刚刚达成的“先打德国”的政策，因为这意味着他的战区将被冷落。麦克阿瑟在那个战区可是个大人物，并且对当地居民做出了许多承诺。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And the funny thing about Douglas MacArthur is if he found out his nickname was the situation he might like that too because he wanted to be on the minds of all these people thought he should have been on their minds in fact thought he should have been a higher priority in fact hated the Germany first policy that had just been agreed to because it meant his theater was going to be the one that was de-emphasized and MacArthur is a big fish in that theater and made a lot of promises to the locals.
我的意思是，他曾是菲律宾的陆军元帅，不管那时候值不值得这么评判，这使得他的个人关系充满了复杂性。随着金钱、权力和菲律宾权力结构的发展，你对他的看法可能会有所改变，但这个人之所以如此具有争议，是因为他身上还有其他两个让人觉得他是"戏精"的特征。首先，他对于同僚和上级来说是个棘手的人物。富兰克林·罗斯福与他的关系一开始就有些冷淡，后来只变得更糟。在罗斯福去世前，麦克阿瑟已经非常厌恶他，而罗斯福曾表示麦克阿瑟是全美两个最危险的人物之一，另一个他指的可能是路易斯安那州的参议员休伊·朗，外号“海鱼”。麦克阿瑟和下一任美国总统的关系也有问题，他在华盛顿的陆军高层中也不受待见，与大多数海军上将关系不佳，尽管他喜欢并与豪尔西合作良好。一般来说，当你遇到这样的人并想要实现更高层次的团结时，这种人通常不值得付出努力，特别是如果他们表现不佳时。到了一定阶段，你会选择除掉那些不满分子，那些有毒的人，那些“戏精”。除非，他们像弗兰克·辛纳屈、朱迪·加兰、萨米·戴维斯或迈克尔·杰克逊这样的巨星，你会说，不管他们多么怪异，不管他们要多少绿的M&M's，我都不在乎，只要把弗兰克·辛纳屈给我找来就好。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I mean heck he was the field marshal of the Philippines for whatever that was worth at the time so he's got a lot of personal contact in his relationship by the way still complicated. with the money and the power and the Philippine power structure again depends on you know your image of the man but the reason this guy is such a situation are two more check boxes on the are you a diva test that he checks off I mean number one he's a pain in the ass to his cohorts and his superiors Franklin Roosevelt's relationship with him started off sort of lukewarm and degenerated from there by the end of Roosevelt's life MacArthur hated him and Roosevelt had said that MacArthur was one of the two most dangerous men in America the other that I think he was thinking of was Louisiana Senator Huey Long the kingfish MacArthur famously had problems with the next American president too he had problems with the Washington army brass in DC he had problems with most of the admirals although he liked and worked well with Bull Halsey but a pain in the ass and see normally when you get these kind of people and you're looking for a better level of unity these people are not worth the trouble especially if they don't perform well at a certain point you take those opportunities to axe those malcontents those poisonous people you know those divas unless of course you know they're like Frank Sinatra or Judy Garland or one of these Sammy Davis Jr Michael Jackson any of the giants right out there where you just go I don't care how weird they are however many green M&Ms they want in their dressing room I don't care just get me Frank Sinatra.
这段文字的意思是，人们对某些人寄予厚望，使他们变得非常有价值，就像如果你把演唱会的票售完，那么你就不能随便取消弗兰克·辛纳屈（Frank Sinatra）的演出而不引起大问题。美国利用道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟（Douglas MacArthur）的声望，投入大量希望，把他塑造成一个英雄。美国政府将他变成超级英雄的过程就像迪士尼式的宣传，还授予他国会荣誉勋章。这个过程之所以重要，是因为在菲律宾的人意识到他们处境危险，几乎没有胜算。唯一给他们希望的是，领导者是一个超越凡人的军事指挥官。有些人甚至认为麦克阿瑟拥有难以置信的军事才能，随时能创造奇迹。所以，不能轻易撤换麦克阿瑟，否则整个希望的支柱就会崩溃。他的地位太重要，不能被解雇，而他自己也清楚这一点。然而，问题在于，起初他的表现很糟糕。历史学家罗纳德·H·斯佩克特（Ronald H Spector）表示，政府本有充分理由解雇麦克阿瑟。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
What that means though is that people like that you invest really high hopes and they become so valuable if you sold out the palladium for Frank Sinatra you can't cancel Frank Sinatra without there being big problems and the U.S. takes the opportunity that Douglas MacArthur stature provides them to invest a lot of hope in Douglas MacArthur they turn him into a hero by the way the U.S. government takes a guy who's already two-thirds of the way to fitting that mold already pours the Disney-like propaganda hose on him gives him a congressional medal of honor in the near future to make a superhero out of MacArthur the reason this is important is well what if you're sitting in the Philippines and you realize you are screwed you are doomed there's no way this is going to work out the odds are totally against you the only thing that gives you any hope in the Philippines is that you have a transcendental military leader in charge it's hard to describe what people thought especially the Filipino thought MacArthur was capable of he could pull a rabbit out of his hat militarily speaking at any time can't rule out Douglas MacArthur so you can't remove Douglas MacArthur either without that whole pillar of hope collapsing he's too big to fire and he knows it so you're stuck with him and the problem is is that initially he does not perform well at all historian Ronald H Spector said that the government would have been fully justified in removing MacArthur.
老实说，在这种情况下，我通常会对人们宽容一些。麦克阿瑟和美军及菲律宾人即将面临与英国和马来亚的帝国军队相同的严峻考验：所有战前的估计都将受到检验，你的假设、计划等一切都将接受最终的考验。一如既往，这也是战争游戏等问题所在。人们往往不会去假设那些看似过于离谱的情况。我可以肯定地说，麦克阿瑟的作战计划并没有考虑到日本可能会不受阻碍地控制空中和海上的局势。这种不受限制的空中和海上控制通常不在假设范围内，而这将成为现实。因此，战前计划与实际战争情况之间会存在一些差异。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
To be honest once again I tend to cut people slack in this situation MacArthur and the Americans and the Filipinos are going to face the same kind of acid test of combat exposure moment that the British and the Imperial troops in Malaya got to experience right where all of your pre-war estimations are put to the test your assumptions your plans all that stuff gets the final exam and as usual and this is always the problem with war games and whatnot I mean you generally don't assume for situations that seem too wild to contend with and I can guarantee you MacArthur's war plans did not take into account the idea that the Japanese might control the air and the sea uncontested control of the air and the sea by the way that's not generally in your assumptions and that's going to be the case so right there a little difference between the pre-war plans and the actual war conditions.
他们在马来亚遇到的另一个问题在这里同样会出现，那就是在冲突爆发前做出的决策会让所有人陷入困境。在我开始批评麦克阿瑟将军防守菲律宾的计划之前，作为一个历史爱好者，我完全有资格去批评美国历史上这位重要将军的计划，对吧？但在此之前，我们先承认一个事实：根本没有完美的菲律宾防御计划。并不是麦克阿瑟的计划不如其他更好的方案，而是根本就没有好方案。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The other problem that they had in Malaya will be replicated here as well which is that the decisions made before the conflict breaks out will doom everybody before I start criticizing General MacArthur's plan for defending the Philippines and of course as a history fan I'm totally entitled aren't I to criticize as one of the US's major generals throughout its history totally qualified to do that but before I do let's acknowledge something right away there are no good plans for defending the Philippines it's not like MacArthur's plan is up against a bunch of plans that were better and it just didn't get there are no good plans.
有相当多的高级军事领导层，特别是在海军中，他们认为如果日本想要菲律宾，菲律宾是无法防守的，只因为地理上的邻近性。看看日本和美国的距离，再想想这些人认为菲律宾在美国海军强大的情况下仍然无法防守。那么，珍珠港事件后，在没有强大海军的情况下，菲律宾就更难防守了。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
There's a sizable contingent of top military leadership especially in the Navy who considers the Philippines indefensible if the Japanese want them they can have them if for no other reason than proximity right look how close Japan is compared to the United States and remember these are people who think the Philippines are indefensible who are assuming there's still going to be a robust United States Navy to contend everything if they're indefensible under those conditions they're really indefensible after Pearl Harbor.
如果这些行为无法辩护，你是否干脆就不为其辩护了呢？是否可以说，美国和菲律宾的战争政策——记住，我们在那儿有军事资产，那是我们的一些基地——计划是如果日本攻击，我们就撤退，并把菲律宾群岛留给侵略者。这样的策略在政治上对于人们来说是难以接受的。因此，我们至少将其包装成一种 "大哥与小弟" 的关系，而许多菲律宾人对此也表示认同。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
But if they're indefensible do you just not defend them do you say that the war policy for the United States and the Philippines remember we have you know military assets there it's one of our bases our war plan is that the Japanese attacked we're leaving and we're leaving the Philippine islands to you know the conquerors that is so politically unpalatable for people that at least we mark it as a big brother little brother relationship and a lot of Filipinos buy into that.
我们确实非常重视保护这些岛屿，因为我们在那里部署了军事力量，还有道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟将军也在那里。他那顶独特的帽子就证明了他全力以赴，因为那是菲律宾陆军最高军衔——陆军元帅的帽子，而他也持有这一头衔。这有点奇怪，他曾就此与艾森豪威尔发生争执。艾森豪威尔表示，你是美国的四星上将，这已经很值得骄傲了，为什么还要挂着一个菲律宾的花哨元帅权杖？但你知道，荣誉就是荣誉，而麦克阿瑟喜欢这种东西，他在整个战争期间都戴着那顶象征性的元帅帽。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
We certainly are making a lot of noise about protecting the islands we have military assets there we have General Douglas MacArthur there whose wonderful cap is proof that he's all in because that's the cap of the Philippine army's top rank field marshal which he holds which is a little weird he had fights with Eisenhower about it Eisenhower basically saying you're a four star US general that's something to be proud of what are you doing holding a gaudy field marshal baton for the Philippine but you know an honor's an honor and MacArthur liked that stuff and he wore that cap all throughout the war signature field marshal cap.
但是麦克阿瑟也在对菲律宾人发表激动人心的演讲，说不用担心，我们在这里，你知道，世界上所有伟大的民主国家都站在你们这一边。我的意思是，你不能只是说如果我们受到攻击就回家，战争计划需要更周全一些。所以有时候政治和外交会介入，但可能并没有充分考虑实际战场上的情况。因为如果这些岛屿真的无法防守，那么你派过去防守的人会发生什么呢？
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
But MacArthur is also out there telling the Filipinos in these rousing speeches don't worry we're here you know the entire weight of the great democracies of the world are here at your side I mean come on your war plan has to do better than we're going home if we're attacked so sometimes the politics get involved in ways and the diplomacy gets involved in ways that sort of doesn't consider too much what's actually going to happen on the battlefield because if the islands really are indefensible what happens to the people you send over there to defend them.
这是部队在这里将面临的状况，就像那些为加拿大和帝国而战的部队在香港及其他地方不得不继续战斗一样，为了帝国的荣誉，我们在美国也必须制定一个战争计划，即使这个地方难以防守。因为如果对一个无法防御的地方没有一个防御计划，那是不可接受的。你明白我的意思吧？这和军队一样古老，毫无新意。为了外交目的，让部队进入军事上不可靠的情况是常有的事。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
That's the situation the troops will find themselves in on the ground here the same way that those troops in Hong Kong fighting for Canada and the Empire and all these other places had to continue to fight on or what have you for the honor of the Empire well we have to have a war plan here in the United States for an indefensible place because to not have a war plan to defend the indefensible place is indefensible if you know what I mean this is as old as armies by the way there's nothing new at all about putting troops into militarily dubious situations for diplomatic purposes happens all the time.
这是战略家和战争规划者必须考虑的一个原因。我是说，他们会明白，在某些情况下，我们所能期望的最佳结果可能不是取得胜利，而是制定一个策略和计划来避免失败，或者是尽可能缓慢地失去，或者是在围困中坚持很长时间，直到援救到来。在两次世界大战之间的某些情况下，这些策略可能是适用的，当时的基本态度是，如果你不能打败敌人，就撤退到巴丹半岛并在那里坚持下去。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And it's a reason that strategists and war planners have to account for I mean they'll understand that sometimes the best we can hope for in a situation is to perhaps not be victorious but have a strategy a plan to not lose or to lose really slowly or to hold out for a long time under siege and then be rescued any of those things might be applicable in certain situations in between the two world wars there were war plans that accounted for things like that and the basic attitude was that if you couldn't defeat the enemy you would retreat to the Bataan peninsula and hold out there.
巴丹半岛是一个很棒的撤退地点，这是出于各种原因的考虑。首先，如果你控制了这块区域，看看地图就知道，它就在马尼拉湾附近。如果你控制了这里 和那个扼守喉咙的小岛科雷希多尔，就等于控制了马尼拉湾，旁边就是菲律宾的大都市马尼拉。麦克阿瑟曾表示，即使敌人入侵并占领了其他地区，如果能够控制科雷希多尔和巴丹，那么他们可能已经掌握了瓶子，但我们掌握了瓶塞。盟军驻守在巴丹和科雷希多尔本身就足以对日军的所有行动造成困扰和破坏。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The Bataan peninsula is a wonderful place to retreat for all sorts of reasons the first one is is if you control it look at a map it's sort of right by Manila Bay if you control it and the bone in the throat fortified little teeny island of Corregidor you control Manila Bay and there's Manila the giant urban center of the Philippines right there as well MacArthur said that if you had an invasion take the rest of the island if he control Corregidor and Bataan then they might have the bottle but he'd have the cork allied troops would be doing damage to the Japanese simply by holding out on Bataan and Corregidor there would be a thorn in the side of all their operations.
这是一个撤退的好策略位置，不仅因为它的重要性，还因为它非常容易防守。这个地方形成了一个半岛，上面覆盖着浓密的丛林，几乎是你见过的最茂密的丛林之一。我实在找不到合适的形容词来描述这片丛林的不同浓密程度，但它确实非常茂密。你绝对不想进入这种地方去把埋伏在那里的敌人赶出来。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So this is a good strategic spot to retreat to in terms of having importance but it's also a good spot to retreat to because it's very defensible nature began that process by creating this peninsula that is some of the heaviest jungle you will ever see and I lack the adjectives to distinguish between all the different levels of heavy jungle in this theater but it's very heavy jungle indeed you would never want to have to go root an enemy out of there that was you know waiting for you.
在这个区域，除了茂密的丛林，还有足足两座火山。这块区域大约是15英里乘30英里或者20英里乘25英里。我看过两种说法，但这并不是个很大的地方，居然有两座火山。现在这两座火山并没有喷发，它们是休眠状态或者已经死火，我也不太清楚。不过你看看地图，它们在这个地区占据了很大一部分，而且这个区域将被用来作为防御线的一部分，对吧？我意思是，如果你想为防御线找到一个支撑点，或者想在中间有个能挡住敌人的东西，那就在中间放座大火山，他们正是这么做的。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
In addition to the heavy jungle, there's not one but two volcanoes in this space that's something like 15 by 30 miles or 20 by 25 miles. I've read both but it's not a very big area to have two volcanoes. Now they're not spewing lava at the moment they're dormant or they're dead, I don't know but look at a map they take up a huge chunk of the real estate in this area that's going to be defended and they're going to be used as part of the defense line right? I mean if you want to anchor a defense line or you want to have the middle covered by something that should keep the enemy at bay we'll put a big volcano in the middle of it and they do.
一旦你决定使用巴丹半岛来达成这个目的，你就会调来工兵，进一步改造自然地形。你布设地雷区，建造反坦克障碍，清理射界视野，设置火炮位置，修建掩体和碉堡，把这里打造成一个让军队想突破却要付出惨重代价的地方。当然，你还要确保困守在这里的人们能抗住围困，因为大家都认为这里最终会变成一个类似阿拉莫战役的场景，但希望结局能更美好。所以，你会在巴丹储备充足的食物、弹药和医疗物资，以便在等待美国海军救援期间，让大家保持健康，继续战斗。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Then once you decide you're going to use the Bataan Peninsula for this purpose you bring in the combat engineers and you improve on what nature started you lay out the minefields you build the tank traps you clear fields of fire you sight artillery you build pillboxes and bunkers and you can make this the kind of place that armies will break themselves trying to get into. And then of course you have to make sure that the people that end up under siege here because that's what everybody thinks is going to happen it's going to be like the Alamo right with hopefully a happier ending they're going to need stuff aren't they so you're going to stockpile all the food and all the ammunition and all the medical supplies on Bataan so there's plenty to keep people you know happy healthy and fighting while they await rescue from the U.S. Navy.
大部分这些计划和愿景是道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟不喜欢的。他不喜欢这些计划的整体思路，不喜欢将失败作为假设并为被敌人围困做准备的想法，他称这种想法是失败主义。他可以随便怎么称呼这些计划，但其实际意义不大，直到1941年年中，他被任命为美国和菲律宾在菲律宾的部队的指挥官，这距战争爆发还有几个月。现在，他需要决定菲律宾防御计划的方向，并且这个计划绝不会是假设我们已经失败然后准备在巴丹被围困，而是要把敌人赶回大海。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Most of these plans and vision Douglas MacArthur does not like these plans he does not like the whole gist of these plans the idea that you would assume and plan for a defeat and essentially prepare to be besieged by the enemy he called it defeatist he can call it anything he wants doesn't really matter until mid 1941 when he's put in charge of American and Philippine forces in the Philippines and this is several months before war breaks out. So now this is the guy who has to decide what the plan for the defense of the Philippines is going to be and it is not going to be that we're going to assume we're defeated and we're going to prepare to be besieged at Bataan we're going to throw the enemy back into the sea.
我的意思是，你能对这些超级明星们有什么更低的期望吗？有人可能会称他们为超级自负的将军。对他们来说，说“我准备计划，准备失败和撤退，然后尝试坚持下去，让海军来救我”，这根本不符合他们的性格。我是说，他并没有这样做，一直以来他对海军有好的嘲讽。他并不指望海军来救援，因此麦克阿瑟制定了一个计划，如果有一流的军队来执行的话，这计划看起来并不坏。如果他有1944年的美国军队来执行的话，那是个好计划，但他并没有那样的军队。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I mean would you expect any less of one of these superstars some might say super ego generals it just doesn't suit them to say I'm going to plan I'm going to lose and I'm going to retreat and I'm going to try to hold out and then I'm going to let the bloody Navy come and rescue me. I mean he didn't he had always had a good jab for the Navy you're going to rely it was not going to happen so MacArthur comes up with this plan that doesn't look like a bad plan at all if he's got a first class military carrying it out if he's got the U.S. military from 1944 it's a good plan he doesn't have that.
他拥有一些在纸面上看起来很庞大的东西，但那些数字是有误导性的。然而，这是麦克阿瑟亲自从零开始建设的团队，这可能使他在判断上出现了偏差。在这里有一个奇迹，即有一支由大约8万到10万名士兵组成的菲律宾军队将在菲律宾地区投入行动。要了解的是，在此之前的10年中，是没有菲律宾军队的，也没有任何相关的机构或组织。麦克阿瑟来到这里，并在过去的五六年间从头建立了这整个机构。你可以想象，为创建一个全面的武装力量基础（不仅仅是陆军）需要做多少事情。令人难以置信的是，现在竟有这么多菲律宾士兵能够与日本军队抗衡并战胜他们。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
He has something that on paper looks large enough to be mistaken for that but those numbers lie. It is MacArthur's own team though that he built from scratch and it might have clouded his judgment. It's one of the miracles here there is a Philippine army that is somewhere between 80 to 100 thousand men that's going to be put into action here in the Philippines let's understand something 10 years before this time there was no Philippine army there was no institute there was nothing. MacArthur came in and it's really over the previous five or six years that he's built up this entire institution from scratch and when you think of everything that you have to do to create a foundation for armed forces of all kinds not just army it's incredible that there are as many Filipinos that could meet the Japanese and defeat them in this army as there are now.
有12,000名菲律宾侦察兵是美国的正规军，第一菲律宾师里也有很优秀的部队，所以这并不是对他们的批评。但当你拥有8万到10万人的军队，而这支军队的军事制度只有五六七年的历史时，许多人并没有准备好面对日本人的挑战。这是麦克阿瑟应该知道的事情。拥有出色战略头脑的人应该明白，如果你将一些部队放在关键位置，一旦他们失利，整个计划就会崩溃，但这正是麦克阿瑟所做的。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And there's 12,000 Philippine scouts that are U.S. regulars there's units in the first Philippine division that are great so no knock on them but when you have 80 to 100,000 men and a military institution that's only been around five six seven years a lot of those people are not going to be ready to face the Japanese and this is something MacArthur should have known when you have one of those great minds right that runs like a machine you would think you would understand that you cannot put some of these units in places where if they lose the entire plan goes to hell but that's just what MacArthur will do.
现在这一切都是理论上的，对吧？直到你经过实战的考验。这不仅仅是理论上的事情，因为麦克阿瑟本人也支持，这就好比是得到了最高的认可。即便你可能会有些保留意见，但你要知道我们面对的不是普通人。相信我，这计划会奏效。我是从无到有组建了这个团队，我了解这些士兵，他们会在1941年12月22日抵抗登陆的日军。到时候你就能看到麦克阿瑟的判断是否正确，而事实证明他错了，而且错得很快。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Now you don't know it it's all theoretical right until you get the acid test of combat and it's not just theoretical it's backed by MacArthur himself so that's the golden seal of approval that just because you think there might be reservations you're not dealing with a normal mortal here believe me this will work I built this team from scratch I know these men they will resist the Japanese on the beaches on December 22nd 1941 you get a chance to find out whether MacArthur's right or wrong about that and he's wrong and he's wrong quickly.
批评者指责麦克阿瑟对日军初期动作反应迟缓，我认为这有道理。但另一方面，我们也要看看日军方面的情况。日军行动速度极快，我们之前在马来亚的故事中提到，速度和大胆是日军用来弥补某些不足的方法，而在马来亚，这一策略非常奏效。这是日军早期“闪电战”计划的一部分，现在在菲律宾也发挥得很好，使得一切都乱了套。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
MacArthur is accused here by critics of reacting sluggishly to the initial Japanese moves and I think that's true but on the other hand let's look at the Japanese side of this too part of it is that they are doing things at warp speed and we had mentioned earlier in the Malaya story that speed and audacity is something the Japanese are using to compensate for some of their deficiencies and it worked great in Malaya it's part of this early Japanese blitzkrieg plan and now it's working well in the Philippines and it completely discombobulates everything.
这是一个与某些故事相反的故事。在有些情况下，如果你深入了解一场战争，关注部队的调动和将军的决定，这些细节能够让局势更加清晰明了。但有时反而适得其反，你会因为专注于细枝末节而看不清全貌。而这个故事正是后者。这部分原因是，军事行动并没有那么重要，因为不论这位伟大战略家做出什么决策，都无法改变结局。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
This is one of those stories stories where it's the opposite of what it is sometimes where sometimes if you go into a war story talking about where the troops move and what the generals are doing and all that stuff sort of illuminates and clarifies the situation but sometimes it does the opposite and you sort of lose the forest for the trees and this is one of those situations part of the reason why is the military moves don't matter that much because nothing that the great strategist is going to do is going to change the outcome.
这不是说，如果你把骑士和兵马移到这里，就能扭转局面的事情。我是说，你不可能从失败的边缘夺回胜利，因为绝大多数菲律宾部队无法与日本人抗衡。即便在平等条件下，他们也可能打不过日本人，更不用说他们现在处于极其不利的境地。正如我们所说的，美国的空军——实际上是陆军航空队——在菲律宾的这一地区到这时基本上已经不复存在。而这些几乎肯定从未在愤怒中听过枪声的新兵，正在被空中轰炸和扫射，被炮火轰击。日本人有坦克，还有离岸的海军炮火支援。这简直是一场屠杀，所以这个计划注定了失败。日本人在内陆推进得如此之快，如果不查看时间轴并与事件对比，你都不会意识到事情正在以多么迅速的速度发生。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
It's not a question of well if you'd only moved your knight and pawn over here I mean he never you're not going to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat here this is a foregone conclusion because these most of these Philippine units cannot fight the Japanese they wouldn't probably be able to fight them on equal terms but they're in an extremely disadvantaged situation as we said that the American air force which is really the army air force has for all intents and purposes in this part of the Philippines by this time ceased to exist and these troops these green troops who have almost certainly never heard a shot fired in anger are being bombed and strafed from the air they're being pounded with artillery the Japanese have tanks they have offshore naval guns this is a slaughter so this is a plan that was doomed already and the Japanese push inland so fast that that you don't realize unless you look at a timeline and match it up to events how quickly it's happening.
我的意思是，我们在美国庆祝菲律宾部队的英雄主义，这些部队包括韦恩赖特将军的部队、第26团菲律宾侦察兵和美国部队，他们在拖慢日军的进攻过程中表现了英勇。这些事件就像“阿拉莫之战”这样的时刻。在军事历史中有两种类型的事件：一种是胜利，当你凯旋而归，进入敌人的城市，进攻并粉碎敌人，这当然很伟大；另一种是“阿拉莫之战”和“温泉关之战”，这些虽是失败，但同样值得铭记和庆祝的英勇时刻。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I mean we in the United States celebrate the heroism of the Philippine units General Wainwright's forces the 26th regiment which is the Philippine scouts and American forces in slowing the Japanese down and it is heroic I mean the stuff that's done this is some of the Alamo type moments you have two kinds of military history you have the triumphs where you're marching through the enemy's city victoriously and it's all great and advancing and offensives and smashing the enemy and that's great and then you have the Alamo and these wonderful thermopoly the wonderful defeats that you celebrate.
在美国和菲律宾，我们都庆祝这些拖延行动，但如果你查看事件时间线，虽然它们非常英勇，但实际上并没有拖延很久。我是说，到23日下午，而要记住，22日上午才开始大规模入侵，所以仅仅一天半之后，温赖特将军已经请求许可撤退到防线了。我是说，他们已经在说我们完了，而且他干得不错。他指挥第26团，菲律宾侦察兵，顺便提一下，他们是骑马的骑兵，是的，人在丛林中骑马，这很厉害。但他们遭受了重创，他说这一整段时期开始了一场，我这里凭记忆大致引用，“杀日本人，被杀，然后撤退”的时代。他学会了，并且非常擅长于让日军追击他，然后假装要打仗，让日军停下来，准备一场完整的阵地战，这需要数小时，把一切都安排妥当，然后再撤退。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I mean we in the United States and the Filipinos we celebrate these delaying actions but when you actually look at a timeline and and they're heroic as heck but but they didn't delay them very long I mean by the 23rd the afternoon of the 23rd and remember it's the morning of the 22nd that the big invasion happens so a day and a half later General Wainwright is asking for permission to retreat to the to a to a defense line I mean they're already saying we're done and more power to him I mean he's commanding the 26th regiment the Filipino scouts which by the way our horse cavalry yes horses men on horses in the jungle it's awesome they're getting decimated and he said that this whole time period began an era and I'm loosely quoting here from memory of killing Japs being killed and pulling back and he learns and is exquisitely good at keeping the Japanese chasing him and then setting up as if he's going to fight a battle making the Japanese stop set up for a whole set piece battle which takes hours and everything gets everything into place and then pulling back.
这真是一场精彩的后卫战，发挥了极大的作用。我的意思是，这些人在后卫战中，以及为了争取时间而不断后撤的行动中，都是在拼命，因为一切发生得太快了。日本人在48小时内就会沿着驶向马尼拉的道路快速推进，并且已经在马尼拉的另一侧登陆了七八千人。麦克阿瑟知道，两栖攻击迟早会在某个地方发生，毕竟马来亚已经正在经历这样的情况。也许他没想到会在这里遭遇这样的局面，因为这个行动将会以钳形攻势威胁马尼拉，将其包围，并有可能将麦克阿瑟的军队切割成碎片，从而逐个击败他们。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So it's wonderful rear guard actions and it serves a great purpose I mean these people are all dying during these rear guard actions and these leapfrog backwards actions for time and the reason we said is because everything's happening so quickly and the Japanese will be speeding on their way on the roads towards Manila within 48 hours they have also landed on the other side of Manila with seven to eight thousand guys MacArthur who knew the amphibious assaults were going to come somewhere after all Malaya was seeing that in spades maybe wasn't expecting it quite here because this move now is going to catch Manila in a pincer movement and close it up in a ring and threaten to cut MacArthur's forces into pieces so that they can be defeated one by one.
麦克阿瑟不得不采取激烈措施，因为他的计划正在失败。他在48小时内改变了计划。麦克阿瑟的新计划是一个较早的计划，称为“橙色3号战争计划”（WPO3）。这是一个麦克阿瑟曾经称之为失败主义的计划，实际上他也的确这样称呼过。但是，现在他的部队正在被击败，撤退到巴丹半岛并在那里坚守实际上听起来并不是那么糟糕。当然，问题在于，如果这一直是计划的话，你会在巴丹半岛做好一些布置，但现在这些准备工作都没有，因为这几个月来这不再是计划的一部分。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So MacArthur has to do something drastic because his plan is failing so he changes the plan within 48 hours MacArthur's new plan is one of the older plans it was called war plan orange 3 WPO3 and it's the sort of plan that MacArthur would have called defeatist in fact he did call it defeatist but now that his troops were being defeated it didn't sound so bad to retreat to the Bataan Peninsula and hunker down there for a siege except of course that none of the things that you would have had in place there had this been the plan the whole time or in place there anymore because it hasn't been the plan for months.
那些本可能在合适位置轻松撤退到巴丹的部队，现在已经分散在整个岛上，其中一些距离巴丹有140到150英里远。原本应该在巴丹储存以供给所有这些部队食物、治疗伤病和提供武器的物资也不在巴丹。大部分物资都在日军攻占补给站时被缴获。如果你知道这个故事，可能会感到这个时刻既残酷又让人心碎。我喜欢把它形容为在尚未形成的伤口中拧刀子的感觉：日军会烧掉成堆的大米。数千万蒲式耳的大米被夺走，而这些大米正是所有盟军部队急需的。当然，如果一直执行新的橙色三号作战计划，这些大米原本应当在巴丹的。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The troops that might have been in a position to easily retreat to Bataan are now spread out all over the island, some of them 140 to 150 miles away. The stuff that should have been stockpiled in Bataan to feed, treat the wounds, and disease of, and supply the weapons for all these troops, that's not in Bataan either. Most of that's been captured by the Japanese as they've overrun the supply depots. There's this horrible, heartbreaking moment, if you know this story. I like to think of it as it's like twisting the knife in a wound that hasn't been made yet, where the Japanese will burn rice pyramids of rice. They'll capture tens of millions of bushels of rice that will soon be desperately needed by all these Allied forces, and it's rice, of course, that would have been in Bataan had War Plan Orange Three, the new plan, been in effect the whole time.
因此，批评麦克阿瑟的人有很多话要说。同时，当最初的计划失败时，你总得有所行动，对吧？你不想坚持另一个计划，所以现在所有人都会陷入一片混乱，赶在围攻开始之前到达巴丹。基本上，巴丹会是唯一被防守的地方，因此如果你想站在盟军这一边，就必须赶到巴丹。菲律宾的军队单位和美国的军队单位，加上许多平民，会尽快赶到巴丹以确保安全。唯一的问题是，当时菲律宾的公路系统无法承受这么大的交通量，所以会出现严重的交通堵塞。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So MacArthur critics have a field day with that one. At the same time, when the initial plan fails, you have to do something, don't you? You don't want to stick with the other plan, so there's going to be this chaotic move now for all of these people to get down to Bataan before the siege starts. Essentially, it's going to be the only place defended, so if you want to be on the Allied side of things, you need to get down to Bataan. Philippine army units and US army units, with a ton of civilians added, are going to make their way down to Bataan as quickly as they can to be safe. The only problem for all of them is the Philippine highway system at this time cannot handle that kind of traffic, and you have massive traffic jams.
这些情况格外令人心碎的原因在于，温赖特将军和他的部队牺牲了他们的生命来争取更多的时间，以便让通往巴丹的道路多保持开放一会。他们希望这些人和能转移下去的物资能成功抵达巴丹。然而，他们却陷入了交通堵塞。在我看来，这真是太糟糕了。顺便提一下，温赖特正在进行一场英勇的后卫战，他会破坏超过180座桥梁。有时候他不得不在极其艰难的情况下做出艰难的决定，比如因为日军突然出现，他不得不在错误的一边困住友军。他将带领他的部队一路奋战到巴丹，这发生在12月26日；而日军才在22日进行入侵。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The reason those are extra heartbreaking is because General Wainwright and his troops are literally dying for time to keep the doors to Bataan open a little bit longer so that these people and the supplies that they can salvage and get down to Bataan can make it down there, and they're stuck in a traffic jam. That's extra awful in my opinion. Wainwright, by the way, conducting a heroic leapfrog rear guard action, where he will destroy more than 180 bridges, sometimes in heartbreaking situations where he's got to make decisions about trapping friendlies on the wrong side because the Japanese have just shown up. He will fight his way with his troops down to Bataan on the 26th, by the way, December 26th; remember the invasion's only on the 22nd.
大规模入侵中，马尼拉将被宣布为不设防城市，所以基本上麦克阿瑟和盟军是将马尼拉让给了日本人，部分原因是出于人道主义和文化原因。你会希望这座城市不会被夷为平地；它是一座美丽而伟大的城市，不是吗？就像巴黎，你总是希望它不要被卷入摧毁文化遗产的激烈街头战斗中，那座伟大的城市不应遭受破坏。同时，日本人有点误解了这一点。麦克阿瑟在这里稍微占了点便宜；日本人有点认为这意味着他们赢了，做出了错误的判断。他们在达成最终目标前稍稍放慢了脚步，这给了麦克阿瑟和盟军一些额外的时间撤退到巴丹半岛。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The big invasion, Manila, will be declared an open city, so essentially MacArthur and the allies are conceding Manila to the Japanese, which is partly for humanitarian reasons, cultural reasons. You want to hope that the city doesn't get leveled; it's a beautiful, great city, right? It's like Paris, you always want to hope that it doesn't get caught up in vicious street fighting that destroys the cultural heritage, you know, that great city. At the same time, the Japanese sort of misread this. MacArthur catches a break here; the Japanese sort of think this means they won, kind of. They sort of slow down before they score the touchdown, before they reach the end zone, and it gives MacArthur and the Allied troops a little extra chance to get away down to Bataan.
当我还是个孩子，在成长过程中学习历史的时候，它让我意识到国家的视角是多么能够影响我们看待事物的方式。我一直被教导说，在这里，美国和菲律宾赢得了一次小胜利，对吧？我们成功逃脱，日军没有抓住我们，就像是一个小型的敦刻尔克。这时候日本人并没有把我们全歼；我们成功撤退，炸毁了通往巴丹的最后几座桥，1.5万美国人、6.5万菲律宾士兵和2万到2.5万难民在巴丹呆着，仿佛在对日本人挑衅：“哈哈，你们没能抓住我们。”然而，随着年龄增长，我开始更从日本的视角看待这件事。就是说，究竟是谁困住了谁呢？在巴丹，这么多人几乎只剩下足够维持20天的食物。医疗物资也在减少，弹药更是—他们还能怎么办呢？他们只是勉强支撑而已。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
When I was a kid learning history growing up, and it shows you how much your national lens can influence how you see things, I was always kind of taught that this was a kind of a mini victory this part here for the United States and the Philippines, right? We got away, Hama didn't get us, it's like a mini Dunkirk, right? The Japanese failed to destroy us; we get across, blow the last bridges to Bataan, and 15,000 Americans, 65,000 Filipino troops, and 20 to 25,000 refugees are sitting there in Bataan flipping off the Japanese. Haha, you missed us. As I get older, I kind of see it more from the Japanese viewpoint. I mean, who's captured who here? There's hardly enough food to last like 20 days for this amount of people in Bataan. The medical supplies are dwindling, the ammunition—I mean, what are they going to do? They're holding on by the skin of their teeth.
哈玛其实受到了一些下属的建议，他们对哈玛将军说，你就让他们待在那里吧，设置一道屏障以防他们逃跑，然后让他们在丛林中自生自灭。这样一来，他们的人数会减少，就像枯萎的藤蔓一样。然而，由于各种原因，哈玛最终决定必须对他们进行攻击和消灭。对于这一决定，至今仍没有明确的结论，不同的人对此有不同的看法。弗朗西斯·派克认为可能与天皇有关。而约翰在20世纪80年代告诉他，哈玛的自尊心需要这样做，尽管其他将军在日本闪电战的第一阶段已经在其他地方取得了胜利。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Hama is actually advised by some of his underlings, General Hama, that you should just leave them there, just put up a screen so they can't get away, and let starvation in the jungle just do their work, right? They'll dwindle; they'll shrivel on the vine. But for reasons that are still not figured out conclusively, because different people can still argue about them, Hama decides that they have to be attacked and destroyed. Francis Pike thinks he's one of those people who thinks the Emperor had something to do with it. John told him back in the 1980s that Hama's pride required it, though all the other generals are kicking everybody else's rear end all over this first phase of the Japanese blitzkrieg everywhere else.
他不会成为在皇帝面前唯一一个无法完成任务的人，就在即将完成任务的时候，他最好的部队被撤走了。这是整个事件中的一个关键时刻，因为一些历史学家认为，事情的发展方式与这个事实有关，即哈马没有了那支自信满满、在此前进攻菲律宾时一直扮演先锋角色的老兵部队。他的部队被撤走是有充分理由的，因为日军高层正在回顾这第一阶段的闪电战，并感叹其效果超出了预期。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
He's not going to be the lone guy in front of the Emperor who can't get the job done, and right before he's about to get the job done, he gets his best unit taken away from him, and this is sort of a key moment in the whole affair because some historians attribute everything going the way that they go to the fact that Hama doesn't have the cocky unit of veterans that had spearheaded this whole assault into the Philippines up to now. They get taken from him for all the right reasons right because the Japanese high command is looking at this whole first phase of the Japanese blitzkrieg and thinking wow this went better than expected.
一次胜利可能会让你得意忘形，而你本来就容易这样。事情进展得如此顺利，你已经在考虑提前进行第二阶段的计划，这正是他们的做法。因此，他们打算比预期更快地从哈马撤走这个部队，但他不应该对此感到遗憾。我是说，日本人在1月2日这一天进入了开放城市马尼拉，尽管马尼拉还是被轰炸了，他们降下美国国旗并踩在上面。可怜的菲律宾人民开始了解在东亚共荣圈下的生活会是怎样的，规则就是如此。但对日本的高层指挥官来说，这个部队现在看起来可以舍弃了。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
A victory can go to your head and you already were susceptible to it so far things are going so great you're already thinking let's move up the timetable on phase two which is just what they do so they're going to take this unit away from Hama more quickly than they'd expected but he shouldn't miss it. I mean the Japanese walk into the open city of Manila which was bombed anyway on January 2nd I think it is and pull down the US flag and stomp on it. The poor Filipino people get to find out what life is going to be like under the East Asia co-prosperity sphere here are the rules but to the Japanese high command that unit looks like you know you can afford to part with it now.
我们将用一群在台湾执行驻扎任务的家伙替代他们。我在一本书中引用过的一位军官说，他们完全没有准备好参加战斗；是一群年纪较大的家伙。我能理解他们；他们看起来像是那种更乐意在一个不太繁忙的路口指挥交通的人，或者在像马尼拉这样新近占领的日本城市体验一下夜生活，而不是去面对自珍珠港事件以来最猛烈、最持久的战斗。他们对此毫无准备。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
We'll replace it with a bunch of guys who've been doing garrison duty on Formosa one of the officers quoted in one of my books said that they were in no way shape or form ready for combat; a bunch of older guys. I can relate to them; they seem like the kind of guys who would be much happier directing traffic at a not too busy intersection in an exotic recently captured Japanese city like Manila and maybe sampling the nightlife from time to time instead they're going to face the bitterest combat the bitterest sustained combat that the Japanese have gotten since Pearl Harbor and they are not expecting this.
这支糟糕的部队显然还未做好准备，要承受相当大的损失，而当巴丹战役打响时，这种情况就会发生。不过，让我先为你简单介绍一下：经过了这些殿后的战斗和预设的防线后，韦恩赖特将军设立的那些防线要么被绕过，要么被渗透，总之最终盟军部队到了巴丹，在那里等着敌人，布置了两道战线。第一道战线设置在半岛的狭窄地带，另一道战线则在几英里后的另一狭窄地带，因此如果第一道战线被攻破，部队还有一个退后的位置。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
This poor unit that certainly wasn't ready for is going to take it on the chin and that's going to happen when the Battle of Bataan opens up. Let me set that up a little for you though because after all these rearguard actions and all these preliminary lines the general Wainwright had set and that had gotten turned or infiltrated or whatever finally the Allied forces are at Bataan waiting in two battle lines for the enemy. The first battle line is across the neck of the peninsula there's another one across the neck of the peninsula several miles behind it so if the first one breaks you have another one to retreat to.
我们之前提到的第一条线，就是那条中央有座海拔4200英尺的死火山的线。不仅如此，还有那里的岩石、悬崖、峡谷，以及山脚下茂密的丛林，这一切都让负责规划部队布防的温赖特将军觉得这里根本无法通过。他认为无需担心敌军从这里穿过，因为部队完全无法通过这种地形。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The first line is the one we referred to earlier the one that has the 4200 foot extinct volcano in the center of it and it's more than that it's the crags and the rocks and the cliffs and the ravines and the heavy heavy undergrowth of jungle at the foot of this mountain really that makes it seem to General Wainwright who I think it is who's laying out the troop dispositions here that it's just impassable that you don't have to worry about troops going through there because troops can't get through there.
所以，原本可以将军队沿半岛狭颈布置成一条连续的防线，这样他们的一侧由海洋保护，另一侧也由海洋保护。但是，他决定不这样做，而是在山区周围只安排少量巡逻队。他打算不使用不间断的防线，而是将军队分为两组：一组在山或火山的东侧，另一组在西侧。每组约有两万到两万五千人，这些队伍是在经历了一次失败后，大家试图重新组织并准备抵抗下一次攻击时，临时拼凑起来的。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So instead of laying out his troops in an unbroken line across the whole neck of the peninsula you know where they can have one flank guarded by the sea on one side and the other flank guarded by the sea in the other side he decides that he could get away with just a few patrols around the mountain area and instead of having the unbroken line he'll have two groups of troops one on the east side of this mountain slash volcano one on the west side of the mountain slash volcano each of them about 20 to 25,000 men thrown together in sort of an ad hoc formation that happens once you've had a defeat and everybody's trying to reorganize and get their act together to resist the next you know punch.
在日本人到来之前，有过一些商讨，我想甚至麦克阿瑟也参与了，他们问韦恩赖特，你确定不想在那座山前部署部队以防万一吗？韦恩赖特说，我已经勘察过那里了，没人能通过。这是对迷恋这场战役的人来说的一个致命错误，但这并不妨碍即将到来的激烈战斗，因为这次战斗将是珍珠港事件以来盟军第一次有机会稍作喘息，虽然仅仅是一瞬间，但可以在宽广的战线上准备好迎接挑战。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Before the Japanese arrived there were consultations I think even MacArthur weighed in where they asked Wainwright are you sure you don't want to put troops up in front of the the mountain there just in case and Wainwright said I've toured the thing no one can get through there. This is sort of the fatal mistake for those who are aficionados of this battle but that doesn't preclude the heavy fighting that's going to happen because this will be really the first time since Pearl Harbor that any allied forces have really had a chance to stop breathe for even one second which is only one second and dig in for a minute and on a wide front be ready for this.
我的意思是，目前的局势远非理想，制空权仍然掌握在日本人手中，这意味着我们面临着无数的劣势。不过，相比这场战役开始时的问题，现在的情况已经好了一半。你可以问问驻扎在马来亚的英国军队。在1月9日这天，那支可怜的驻守台湾的日本部队开始向前推进，他们几乎像保龄球瓶一样整齐排列。当他们这样做的时候，美军的火炮开始发威，向日本人展示当美国人有强大火力支持时是什么样的结果。美军在这一点上表现出色，而且这种优势已经持续了很长时间。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I mean it's far from optimal the air is still in Japanese hands I mean still a million disadvantages but about half as many as normal so far in this campaign. I mean ask the British forces in Malaya right and in this case on January 9th that poor force of garrison troops from Formosa starts approaching almost lined up like bowling pins and as they do the American artillery opens up and begins to teach the Japanese what it's going to be like when you have Americans and big guns they just handle them well and have for a very long time.
人们有时对美国的炮兵感到惊讶，我会想，为什么你会对美国人处理大炮的优雅感到惊讶呢？在这场战争中，英国人也做得很好，德国人也是如此。现在的炮兵技术已经非常科学，通常来说，科学技术越先进，炮兵的表现就越好。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
People are sometimes surprised by American artillery and I go why would you be surprised about Americans you know handling big guns with some sort of elegance the British though do it very well in this war as do the Germans it's so scientific at this point that the farther ahead your science is generally the better your artillery is.
美军的火炮在所有美国参与的太平洋战线中表现突出，对日军造成了巨大的伤亡。而那些原本希望在马尼拉获得舒适驻防的守备部队不得不承受美军火炮的猛烈攻击，他们被撕裂。他们将全力以赴，冲向这条预设防线。这种战斗被历史学家埃里克·伯吉里奇称为工业化国家之间展开的最残酷的轻步兵战。他的意思是，这场战争与欧洲的战争不同。在欧洲，元帅和将军们指挥数千辆车和大量部队穿过广袤的土地，他们的任务是集中现代国家的巨大杀伤力于特定的突破口。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
An American artillery will give great service in every front the United States fights on in the Pacific it will take a horrific toll on the Japanese and this poor unit of garrison troops who were just hoping for a nice cushy stationing in Manila get torn to ribbons by American artillery and they will throw themselves against this prepared line and you will have what historian Eric Bergeridge calls the most vicious light infantry war ever carried out between industrialized nations and by that he means this is not like the wars in Europe where the field marshals and generals will command thousands of vehicles and people across huge wide swaths of territory where their job is to focus the amazing killing power of modern states in in in specific breakpoints.
我指的是，你们在战场上进行的科学活动，这些战场看起来更像高尔夫球场，因为大多数情况下这些战场完全不同于此，地形也阻碍了一切。这场战争主要不是由元帅和将军指挥的，而是如Bergeridge指出的那样，由带着刺刀和冲锋枪的上尉、中尉和中士来打的。在这种情况下，有时候你看不到敌人，直到他们迫近到你的面前。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I mean it's a great science that you carry out on battlefields that look more like golf courses because these battlefields look anything but like that in most of this theater and the terrain inhibits everything this is a war that is not fought mainly by field marshals and generals but as Bergeridge points out by captains lieutenants and sergeants with bayonets and submachine guns where you don't see the enemy sometimes until they're right on top of you.
在巴丹战役中，你会多次看到这种情况，因为日本的渗透者极其可怕，甚至让经验最丰富的温莱特将军都感到意外。我们之前提到，在所有美国将领中，他是与日本人作战经验最多的人，他曾说过不用担心中间地带，没有人能通过那里。然而，就像我们早些时候提到的，这个时候再谈论进攻、防守和反击策略意义不大，因为这些只会让人感到混乱。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And you will see it in battle of Bataan over and over again because the Japanese infiltrators are nightmarish they are so bad that they will actually surprise General Wainwright who as we've said amongst all the American generals is the guy with the most experience so far fighting the Japanese and he's the one that said don't worry about the middle there no one can get through there now as we said earlier this is the point where it doesn't do a whole lot of good to talk about thrusts and parries and defenses and counter-attacks because it just becomes confusing.
这是一场小规模的丛林战，在任何给定时刻，如果你抓拍一个区域的情况，你可能会看到一方正在进攻，另一方进行反攻，还有一方处于防守状态。不过，有一件事情你会开始注意到，那就是日本人逐渐了解到与美国人作战是什么样的，而美国人和菲律宾人则开始切身体会到与日本人作战的艰难。这是一种在其他战线上与日本人作战的士兵不会经历的独特体验。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
This is small-scale jungle warfare and if you take a snapshot of any sector at any given time you could have one side on the attack one side on the counter-attack another side on the defensive. One thing you start to see though is that the Japanese get lessons in what it's like fighting Americans but Americans and Filipinos begin to get the real hard lessons of what it's like fighting the Japanese and it is a unique experience that soldiers on other fronts do not get with the Japanese.
就像我们之前提到的，那句莎士比亚的台词只是被改成了对他们有利的意思。我的意思是，他们和其他人一样，只是更加极致而已。接下来我们要谈的所有日本人在这里做的事情，我们也可以在别的地方找到类似的例子，其他人在其他领域和场合也会做这些事情。日本人有时只是把这些事情当成常规操作来做。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
It's like we said earlier it's the old Shakespeare line just turned in their favor I mean they're like everyone else only more so everything else the Japanese do here that we're going to talk about you can find examples of them doing elsewhere and other people doing on other fronts and in other theaters there are isolated examples the Japanese will just do this stuff sometimes as a matter of course.
比如，我记得一个故事，讲的是在东线战场上，俄罗斯士兵在宽广的战线上冲锋，手持刺刀，大家一起发出深沉的呐喊。我想，那时他们是在雪地上冲锋，真是令人惊叹。你可能会想，谁会这样做？在东线战场上，这种情况并不常见，而在西线战场上几乎从未发生过。但是在太平洋战区，这种情况却屡见不鲜。这种冲锋有一个名字，美国士兵称之为“万岁冲锋”。在战争中，美国人第一次见识到这种冲锋的场景，即便是被迫屠杀对方的这一方，也多少会感到不安。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
For example I remember a story specifically we're on the eastern front the Russians charge across a wide front with bayonets you know all yelling a deep-throated yell at the same time I think it was like across the snow and it's amazing right you think who does that well in the eastern front it was rare on the western front it almost never happened in the Pacific it happened all the time there was a name for them the American soldiers called them bonsai charges and for the first time in the war the Americans get to see what those are like and they are somewhat unnerving even for the side that is just mowing these people down.
顺便提一下，确实存在一些照片，拍摄了这些万岁冲锋过后的情况，画面并不美好。正如我们之前引用埃里克·贝尔杰所说，这几乎就像是日本士兵的长官对他们进行的一种政治谋杀。因为这些万岁冲锋是自杀式的，面对现代战斗的严酷，你只能在它们能够实现某种实际或有价值的目标时才理解它，但实际上它们几乎从未有过这样的效果。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And by the way there are photos that do exist they are not pretty of the aftermath of some of these bonsai charges it is what Eric Berger had said that we quoted earlier where it is almost like a form of political murder carried out on the Japanese troops by their officers because you could understand suicidal charges which is what the bonsai charges are suicidal charges into the teeth of modern combat you could understand them if they achieve something practical or a value but they almost never did.
在比尔·斯隆的书《Undefeated》中，记录了第一位以美军身份目击这些万岁冲锋的人之一，是一位名叫菲利普·弗莱中校的营长。1月10日，他目睹了一次这样的攻击，这一天也是我们之前提到的麦克阿瑟巡视战场的日子。在斯隆的书中，弗莱描述了他目睹的第一次万岁冲锋：“这是一场屠杀。我们的枪炮经过精心瞄准，互相支援，日军遭遇了前后夹击的猛烈火力。到现在我仍无法理解，为什么日军会用这种方式攻击现代化的武器。我唯一的解释是，他们以前没有遇到过受过训练的部队，以为只要制造出足够的声势，对方就会溃散。这次攻击在开始之前就被粉碎了。”
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
One of the first people to witness at least in an American uniform one of these bonsai charges is quoted in Bill Sloan's book undefeated he was a battalion commander named Lieutenant Colonel Philip Fry and he saw one of these attacks on January 10th which is the same day that MacArthur was touring the battleground that we mentioned earlier you know standing up when the planes were dropping bombs nearby and Sloan quotes Fry is describing this first bonsai charge he witnessed quote it was slaughter all of our guns had been carefully sighted for mutual support and the Japs were caught by terrific fire both frontal and flanking even now I can't understand why the Japs launched an attack of this kind against modern weapons my only explanation is that they hadn't faced train troops before and thought if enough noise were made the opposition would simply fade away the attack was smashed before it got underway end quote.
斯隆接着补充说：“在未来太平洋其他岛屿的战斗中，许多美国前线指挥官将和弗莱一样，对这种自杀式战术感到困惑。”斯隆进一步指出，我们之前讨论过，这是一个奇怪的结合体：一种非常古老而又非常日本的东西，经过20世纪现代政权的演变、扭曲、重塑和宣传，形成了一种混合体。在这种文化下，日本士兵认为，当他们被命令去死时，他们就必须去死，而日本军官则认为这样做有某种价值。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Sloan then adds quote in future pacific battles on other islands many U.S. field commanders would be as puzzled as Fry by such suicidal tactics end quote Sloan goes on to point out what we had talked about earlier that it is it is a weird combination of something that is very old and very Japanese that is then been morphed and corrupted and reimagined and propagandized by a modern 20th century regime to create this hybrid sort of thing where these Japanese soldiers think that they have to go die when they're commanded to do this and these Japanese officers somehow think there's value in having them do it.
顺便说一下，同一个来源在作品的后面提到了一个美国营的火力，他仅仅是在谈论数百名士兵的步枪射击，他表示其威力已经超出他的描述能力。现在想象一下这个营的火力，不仅有步枪，还配备了机枪和迫击炮，以及20毫米或37毫米的火炮。再想想那些万岁冲锋——士兵们密集阵型，高喊着在空旷地带顶着刺刀冲锋。对于那些必须阻止他们的人来说，这种场面令人紧张不安。正如埃里克·伯杰所说，这不是西方军队可以经常、可靠地执行的任务，勉强能让他们做到一次就不错了。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
By the way that same source later in the work talks about the firepower of a U.S. battalion and he is simply talking about the rifle fire alone of hundreds of men and he says it was beyond the powers of his description so now imagine the battalion with all its machine guns and mortars 20 millimeter or two 37 millimeter or two and now think about those bonsai attacks what you've got men in close order yelling and charging in the open with fixed bayonets again I mean it's unnerving for the people who have to kill them and as Eric Berger had said this is not something you could have Western forces reliably do regularly reliably regularly regularly you might get him to do it once.
这些“盆景式冲锋”让所有盟军都认为他们正在面对一些疯狂的狂热分子。我记得，继父曾这样说过，他们简直疯了。这种印象改变了你对他们的看法，当你把他们定义为“疯狂”的时候，很容易将他们非人格化。换句话说，这些人不再是可以交流、可以理解的有思想、有感情的正常人，而是疯狂的人。但在某种程度上来说，如果这只是一场战争游戏，我们不谈及人类，而是讨论如果你是日本玩家可以得到的酷炫东西，那可能是另一种情形。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So these bonsai charges though are part of what is convincing all the allied troops that they are up against crazy fanatics here I mean that I remember my step does it they're just crazy and and that changes the way you see them and it's very easy to depersonalize somebody when you just write that of right in other words this is not a thinking feeling normal human being that I can associate with or relate to this is a crazy person but in a way I mean if this were a war game and we weren't talking about human beings and you were talking about cool things you get if you're the Japanese player.
我的意思是，日本人在心理战上有他们的独特之处。我可不愿意为了营造这种神秘感而在徒劳的冲锋中失去许多人，但这种神秘感确实存在，并且他们在各种方面充分利用了这一点。说到重工业和尖端科技，日本处于劣势，而美国人在单位火力上强得多。但日本人在类似于“忍者”那样的小战术上表现得非常出色，请原谅我用这种刻板印象来描述。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I mean the Japanese had this psychological thing going for them I mean I wouldn't want to lose a lot of people in fruitless charges in order to create that sort of mystique but it was a mystique and they they maximized it in a bunch of different ways the Japanese would use I mean they were really disadvantaged when you when you started talking about heavy industry and heavy tech right the Americans had so much more firepower at the unit level but the Japanese excelled in all the little ninja type things if you'll pardon the stereotype.
我的意思是，比如说，他们让对面的人吓得魂不附体，这是我们之前谈到的那种感觉的一部分——在第二次世界大战中，哪个战场是最糟糕的。这实际上是见仁见智的事情，对吧？这取决于你自己的特点或怪癖，哪个会让你最难受。我必须说，当你读到关于美国军队，特别是在太平洋和巴丹的战壕里的情况时，你真的能感受到这种氛围。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I mean for example they scared the crap out of the people on the other side and this is part of the vibe we talked about earlier what the worst battlefront would be to fight on in the second world war and I mentioned it's an eye of the beholder thing right it depends on your own quirks or peculiarities which one would bother you the most. I have to say that the vibe that you get when you read about the US troops especially in the foxholes in the Pacific and Bataan is the first place where you really get this.
那里给人的感觉非常类似于你在看恐怖片时的那种氛围，比如电影《猛鬼街》就是一个完美的比喻。正如我们之前提到的，最糟糕的战场就是那些你最不安和受影响的地方。我无法承受太平洋那些战壕里的恐怖电影氛围。就像在恐怖片中，音乐会在你打算转过角去看见可怕东西的时候奏响一个长长的音符，我不知道那是用什么乐器演奏的，但他们会拉长那个音符。这正是这些可怜士兵们在夜里在战壕中经历的，就像典型的恐怖电影情节，把一群高中生送去老旧阴森的房子里做保姆，墙上挂着一堆链锯。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The vibe that you get there is very similar to that same vibe you get when you're watching one of those slasher films like a nightmare on Elm Street's a perfect analogy because it's one of those things like we had said earlier that the worst battlefield is the one where your proclivities and quirks are the most upset and affected. I couldn't handle the horror movie vibe that being in the Pacific in one of these foxholes meant that that little note that plays in the horror movie I don't know what instrument it is but they'll hold that note for a long time right when you're about to look behind the corner and see something awful that's the note that's playing for all of these poor soldiers in these foxholes at night and it is almost like the stereotypical setup for one of these horror movies where you're sending a bunch of high school kids to babysit at the old creepy house where they have a bunch of chainsaws on the wall.
这意思就是说，那种情况下你可能会想，“别去，那地方太危险了，肯定有个拿斧子的疯子。” 在这些故事中，常常是两个可怜的士兵，他们通常才18或19岁，在一个伸手不见五指的小岛环境中待在掩体里。周围到处都是其他士兵，左边20码有个掩体，右边20码也有个掩体，但你只能隐约听到那里的人声，而在黑暗中根本看不到他们，基本上你是孤立的，还得轮流睡觉。这情景就像恐怖电影的开头。日本人在这方面表现尤其出色，他们在战争中各种前线都使用心理战术，尽管每一方都这样做，但日本人总是一马当先。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I mean it's one of those things where you go don't go there you're so stupid of course there's an axe murderer there. Well, in these stories so often it's like two poor GIs and they're usually like 18 or 19 years old in a foxhole in a pitch-black island night environment and there's other troops all over the place right 20 yards to the left of you there's a foxhole 20 yards to the right of you there's a foxhole but you can just barely hear the people there and you can't see them in the dark and you're basically isolated and you have to take turns sleeping. This is a horror movie setup right here and the Japanese do the greatest job in the world of psychological torture here because and again they do this on every front in the war every side does this the Japanese just do it so much better.
首先，他们做的事情需要你在其他方面上进行想象才能正确评估，所以让我们先调整一下这种思维方式。如果我告诉你，这并不离谱，你还是会相信的。假设在1944年的西线战场上，当德国人和美国人在法国对峙时，有一个德国部队专门负责恐吓对方，打击士气，制造恐慌。他们会在晚上从战壕中偷偷出来，穿过无人区，潜入美军的战壕，残忍地袭击里面的士兵，然后把他们摆成可怕的姿势，留在战壕旁边，再返回自己的战壕。如果我告诉你，他们自称“狼人”和“吸血鬼”来恐吓所有人，这并不难以置信，对吧？
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
First of all, they do things that you have to actually imagine happening on other fronts to properly grade so let's calibrate this thinking for a minute if I told you and it's not outrageous you'd believe it if I told you on the Western Front maybe in 1944 when the Germans and the Americans are facing each other in France that there was a German unit that was there to terrorize the other side and hurt the morale and freak them out and they would come out of their foxholes at night sneak over no man's land jump into an American foxhole butcher the GIs in there put them in obscene positions right on the side of the foxhole and blood and then go back to their own trenches at night and if I told you they called themselves the werewolves and the vampires because that would freak everybody out that's not too hard to believe is it?
你可能会去看关于这件事的电影或读相关的书，因为第二次世界大战中有许多令人震惊的事情，对吧？这是很疯狂的，对吧？这很不一样，我是说这太吓人了。你可以想象，在事件发生的地方，人们可能会谈论这个事情——“你听说了吗？那个狼人又出现了！”但我得这样思考，才意识到这有多恐怖。因为在太平洋战区，这种事经常发生。日本士兵经常在夜里跳进战壕，残忍地杀害他人，剖开他们的肚子，甚至把生殖器塞进嘴里。我是说，这样的故事到处都有。这种事情在太平洋上的岛屿上是司空见惯的。人们醒来时，常常发现他们的战友已经被深夜跳进战壕的日本士兵用刀杀害。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
You'd probably go to the movie or read the book about it because the Second World War has all kinds of wild things like that right but it's crazy right it's different I mean it's freaky you imagine that people on the ground would probably be talking about it in the sector where it happened did you hear what happened the werewolf struck again you know but I had to think about it like that to realize how freaky it is because in the Pacific that happens all the time the Japanese do this routinely they jump into the foxholes at night and they butcher people they disembowel them they stuff the genitals into the mouth I mean the stories are all over the place and this happens I mean every this will happen all over the islands in the Pacific and people will wake up it is a not unusual occurrence wake up with their buddy being killed by a Japanese soldier who's jumped in the trench at night with a knife.
他们最大化地利用这一点：当日本渗透者绕到你背后时，有时候他们会带许多扬声器，从你背后对美国士兵喊话。他们带着鞭炮来吓唬你，他们使用狙击手的方式与众不同，让你觉得即使在后方也不安全。我认为他们这样使用狙击手的原因是，他们更愿意让自己的人处于自杀性的境地。成为一个狙击手就像成为一个渗透者，非常危险，大多数人在乎自己士兵的情况下会格外小心。但日本人更愿意冒险，他们认为如果这样做能有回报，就必须去做。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
They maximize this when the Japanese infiltrators get behind you sometimes they're carrying many loudspeakers and they'll start talking to the Americans from behind you they carry firecrackers to freak you out they use snipers like nobody else uses snipers and it's another way to make you feel like you're not safe anywhere even behind the lines. And I think the reason that they use snipers differently is because they're so much more willing to put their people in suicidal situations and being a sniper is like being an infiltrator I mean it is so freaking dangerous most people are careful if you care about people you know your troops the Japanese are much more willing to say if this is going to pay off I mean you know we have to do it.
他们经常会给狙击手配备不同种类的武器，并不总是超级狙击步枪。有时，他们会给狙击手一把冲锋枪，并把他们安置在敌人的后方。不幸的是，我们都太熟悉这种情况：在一个人们没有心理准备的环境中，枪手带来的破坏性有多大，直到他们被消灭。而美国将不得不想办法组建反狙击巡逻队，专门去寻找和消灭狙击手。这一切都是为了让你时刻感到不安全，制造一种恐怖电影般的氛围。就像恐怖电影中那种我不知道是什么乐器或者是什么音符的音调，就像一把小提琴长时间保持一个音调，当人们准备四处张望的时候。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
They will often give their snipers different kinds of weapons it's not always the super rifle scope thing they'll give them a submachine gun put them in behind the lines and unfortunately for all of us we're all too familiar with how disruptive a gunman in a setting where you're not expecting them can be for a while till you take them out and the US will by the way have to come up with anti sniper patrols who go out there and hunt the snipers but it's all part of making you unsafe at all times and having a horror movie kind of vibe going on with that one note you know in the horror movie I have no idea what instrument it is or what the note is but you know it's like a violin that's just being held at one note for the longest time as the people are about to look around.
黑暗的角落里，你知道那里一定有什么东西在。我是说，这就是我对整个太平洋战争的感觉。在前线，我有时觉得自己可以放松一下。在西部战线之间的间隙，我觉得有时可以喘口气。而在太平洋战场上，如果你在战壕里打瞌睡，我是说，天哪，千万别在守夜时睡着，那就像是弗莱迪·克鲁格会出现割你的喉咙，而你甚至不知道自己是在做梦还是现实。我是说，这就是其中一种感觉。其实，有趣的是，当我长大后遇到老兵时，越是经历过战斗的人，通常越不愿意谈论这些，但在太平洋战场上战斗过的人和其他战场上战斗的人之间的氛围还是不一样的。其中一个明显的不同点是：你有时会遇到在其他地方作战的人，他们可能不太喜欢他们的对手，有时甚至讨厌他们，但几乎没有遇到过和日本人战斗过的人，他们在几十年后不会对日本人仍然怀有非常强烈的怨恨。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
the dark corner where you know something must be I mean that's the note that the whole Pacific war feels like to me on the front lines I feel like I could relax sometimes on the Western front between encounters I feel like in the Pacific if you're in a foxhole and you fall asleep I mean God forbid you fall asleep on guard duty it is like Freddy Krueger will be there cutting your throat and you won't know if you're dreaming or not I mean it's one of those things it's funny when you met veterans when I was growing up the more combat they saw traditionally the less they would talk about it but the vibe was different between people who fought in the Pacific and people who fought elsewhere and the one thing that overwhelmingly was different was you could meet people who fought elsewhere that sometimes didn't like their opponents very much or sometimes hated them but almost to a person I didn't meet anybody who fought the Japanese who didn't harbor really still bitter feelings decades and decades later.
这一部分讨论的是战争中的心理创伤与作战距离的关系。在远距离作战时，比如被200码外的德国机枪兵击中，容易将其视为双方在“尽职”，或如战争机器般运作，未来甚至可以在酒吧中把酒言欢。第二次世界大战的部分老兵在战后聚会时就有过这样的经历。但若是有人跳进你的战壕，用刀抵住你战友的喉咙，而你用铁锹后打对方的头，这种近身搏斗带来的创伤就不同了。正如某位军队心理学家所说，战争中杀敌的心理创伤与距离有关——用远距离的炮火轰杀与百码外开枪击杀带来的心理创伤不同，而徒手在战壕中杀敌又是另一种体验。
在太平洋战场上，这种近身战斗更多，因此也有更多的人在战争多年后仍然无法释怀。这并不让人惊讶，因为日本军队常常让人感到极度恐惧。有些士兵压抑着内心的愤怒，而当他们听到战友们在几个战壕之外绝望的尖叫声时，却无能为力，这让他们倍感无奈。这种感觉就像是夜里突然遭遇鲨鱼袭击，四周的战壕中不断传来撕心裂肺的尖叫声，但你却无能为力。当终于有机会对敌方发泄心中积压的怒火时，有时他们会毫不犹豫地出手。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Part of that is because at the level you fight this war there's a lot I mean if you're shot by a German machine gunner 200 yards away it's easier to say something like hey we were both doing our job we're part of a killing machine you know we could have drinks at the bar later 20 years from now as the veterans of the second world war sometimes did later at reunions it's different if somebody's jumping in your trench and and forcing a knife into the throat of your buddy while you're trying to hit them on the back of the head with a shovel I mean it's as the army psychologist we talked about earlier I believe had said that killing in war is a question of proximity in terms of how much trauma you have if you kill somebody from six miles away with an artillery piece it's one level of trauma if you shoot them from a hundred yards away it's another if you kill them with your bare hands in a foxhole it's another and in the Pacific you got a lot more of that so you get a lot more people decades later who held on to that it's not surprising the Japanese scared the hell out of people though and when those people got a chance to let the anger that they've been keeping inside them and had nothing they could do about those horrible screams that came from you know multiple foxholes away the other night it's like shark attacks right every night somebody's screaming from some foxhole somewhere and you can't do anything about it when you got your hands on the other side sometimes.
日本人曾经解释他们对待被捕敌人的方式时，有时将其归咎于部队失控、情绪失控，以及对某些事情感到愤怒。这样的解释可以理解，因为盟军有许多理由感到相同的愤怒和采取类似的行动。这些都是导致战争无情的因素之一。在美国和菲律宾部队猛烈击退首次攻击，并且美国炮兵对日军造成惨重伤亡后，美国指挥官麦克阿瑟收到了一封来自他的日本对手的通知。他全文刊登了这封信，信中写道：
“先生，你知道你已经没有希望，结局已经临近。问题只是你还能坚持多久。你们已经将口粮削减了一半。我赞赏你和你的部队英勇作战的精神，你们维护了你的声誉和荣誉。然而，为了避免不必要的流血，并且保存你们师部和辅助部队的残余，建议你投降。”
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Well the Japanese used to explain the way they treated the enemies that they captured sometimes as the troops getting out of hand and exploding and being angry about things well you can see the allies having plenty of reasons to be feel and act the same way can't you these are the kind of things that contribute to a war without mercy after the first attacks are viciously repulsed by American and Filipino forces and American artillery inflicts horrific casualties on the Japanese MacArthur gets a notice from his counterpart the Japanese commander he printed it in full it says this quote sir you are well aware that you are doomed the end is near the question is how long will you be able to resist you have already cut rations by half I appreciate the fighting spirit of yourself and your troops who have been fighting with courage your prestige and honor have been upheld however in order to avoid needless bloodshed and to save the remnants of your divisions and your auxiliary troops you are advised to surrender.
与此同时，我们将继续进攻，因为我不希望你有时间进行防御。如果你决定听从我们的建议，请尽快派遣代表到我们的前线。我们将停止开火并商讨停战协议，否则我们的进攻将继续，以无情的力量带给你灾难。希望你的明智判断能促使你拯救你军队的生命。此致，敬礼，日本远征军总司令。
麦克阿瑟说，当他未能对此作出回应时，日本方向美军阵地投放了传单，上面写道：“当前战斗的结果已成定局，你们已被逼入绝境。然而，盲目的麦克阿瑟将军无法认清当前形势，愚蠢地拒绝了我们的提议，继续以你们宝贵的生命为代价进行无谓的斗争。”
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
In the meantime we shall continue our offensive as I do not wish to give you time for defense if you decide to comply with our advice send a mission as soon as possible to our front lines we shall then cease fire and negotiate an armistice failing that our offensive will be continued with inexorable force which will bring upon you only disaster hoping your wise counsel will so prevail that you will save the lives of your troops I remain yours very sincerely commander-in-chief the Japanese expeditionary force MacArthur says that when he failed to respond to this the Japanese showered the American lines with a leaflet that said this quote the outcome of the present combat has already been decided and you are cornered to the doom but however being unable to realize the present situation blinded general MacArthur has stupidly refused our proposal and continues futile struggle at the cost of your precious lives.
然后，他们直接对数量远超美军的6.5万名菲律宾士兵发出信息：“亲爱的菲律宾士兵！还有一条路可走，那就是立刻放下所有武器，向日本军队投降，否则将为时已晚。我们将全力保护你们。我们最后强调一次：立刻投降，为菲律宾人建立属于他们的新菲律宾。”麦克阿瑟说，当晚在战壕里，大家都哄堂大笑。然而，日本人发布了其他告示，教菲律宾士兵如何杀掉他们的美国指挥官，然后转投日军。在此期间，正如你所料，麦克阿瑟一直在请求援助。想想你所面临的情况，假设最坏的情况发生：假设美国对6.5万菲律宾士兵、难民和其他一切漠不关心，尽管这样做是不对的，但假设如此。这边有1.5万美国士兵，如果没有人采取行动，他们实际上将陷入绝境。而麦克阿瑟则在对罗斯福和国内的将军们询问：你们打算怎么办呢？
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Then they address a message directly to the 65,000 Filipino troops who outnumber the Americans by many times quote dear Filipino soldiers exclamation point there are still one way left for you this is to give up all your weapons at once and surrender to the Japanese force before it is too late and then we shall fully protect you we repeat for the last exclamation point surrender at once and build your new Philippines for and by Filipinos end quote MacArthur says that everyone roared with laughter in the foxholes that night but the Japanese were putting out other notices telling the Filipino troops how to kill their American officers and come over to the Japanese side MacArthur all this time by the way as you might expect is asking for help and think about what you have here I mean let's assume the worst let's assume that the United States doesn't care about 65,000 Filipino troops and and the refugees and everything else which is wrong but let's assume that there's 15,000 American troops here they are essentially doomed if somebody doesn't do something and MacArthur's essentially asking Roosevelt and the generals back home what are you going to do.
他总是不断地要求一些在当前形势下几乎不可能实现的东西，比如他想要航空母舰。他基本上是在问我什么时候能够得到帮助。有趣的是，一方面你完全支持麦克阿瑟，而另一方面菲律宾人非常愤怒，因为菲律宾的领导人准备放弃。他在说，我们为什么要为了一个不能保护我们的旗帜而让我的人民死去，战斗、燃烧。麦克阿瑟也有点同样的感觉。但这里的问题在于，这就是为什么所有人一开始都告诉他这个地区是无法防守的。他想要援助，而他们则说如果我们能够提供帮助，这个地区本来是可以防守的。所以麦克阿瑟不想被放弃，但富兰克林·罗斯福和在华盛顿的将军和海军上将们开始面临一些丘吉尔所谓的“丑陋的抉择”：他们必须考虑是否要把原本可以非常有用的珍贵物资送到一个可能已经注定失败的地方。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And he keeps asking for things which given the climate are really impossible he wants aircraft carriers what can he expect me when is help coming is what he's basically saying and here's the funny part about it on one hand you're totally with MacArthur and the Filipinos by the way are incensed that the head of the Philippines is ready to call it quits he's saying why are my people dying is we're fighting and burning for a flag that can't protect us and MacArthur's kind of feeling a little bit the same way but here's the problem this is why everybody told him this area was not defensible to begin with he wants help and they're saying if we could have provided help the area would have been defensible so MacArthur wants to not be written off but Franklin Roosevelt and the generals and admirals back in Washington are beginning to have some of the same ugly business as Churchill called it decisions to make where they have to wonder about sending precious supplies that could be very helpful somewhere to a place that's probably already doomed.
麦克阿瑟非常不希望出现那样的状况，菲律宾人也显然不希望。他们对此感到愤怒。菲律宾总统在收听富兰克林·罗斯福通过广播承诺向欧洲战线提供物资支援时，愤怒得浑身发抖。美国突然开始向之前并不友好的苏联提供援助和支持，但却对菲律宾这个小兄弟不闻不问。菲律宾领导人坐在轮椅上，愤怒地对麦克阿瑟说：“美国人真是这样，总是担心远方的表亲遇到麻烦，却对自己的女儿在后屋被侵犯视而不见。”
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And MacArthur desperately doesn't want to be that place needless to say the Filipinos don't either and they're angry the Filipino president will shake with rage at one point after listening to Franklin Roosevelt on the radio promising all these supplies to the battlefront in Europe and when the United States is now all of a sudden you know giving aid and support to the former ad not adversary but but not so friendly Soviet Union and yet nothing for the for the little brothers of the Philippines and the leader of the Philippines is shaking in his wheelchair and says to MacArthur you know how like the Americans to be worried about some distant cousin in distress while you know their daughter is being raped in the back room.
好吧，这又是一个类似于“他说，他说”的辩论。麦克阿瑟说罗斯福基本上是在告诉他援助正在路上。我不太确定这是否属实，但麦克阿瑟总是试图鼓舞士气，作为一个乐观主义者，他告诉其他人援助正在路上。在1月15日，他在一份公告中告诉他的部队，此时他们已经经历了一场艰苦的战斗，并且表现得非常出色，真的非常艰苦的战斗。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Well this is something once again we get into when he said he said sort of debate where MacArthur says that Roosevelt's basically telling help him help is on the way I'm not so sure that's true but MacArthur certainly always looking to bolster spirits and always an optimist tells everybody else that help is on the way he tells his troops in a proclamation on January 15th when they have been fighting this bitter fight now and giving a great account of themselves by the way in really really bitter combat.
援引消息，美国正在派遣数千名士兵和数百架飞机前来增援。确切的到达时间尚不清楚，因为他们需要突破日军的阻击。我们必须坚持到这些援军到达，无路可退。我们在巴丹半岛的部队人数比日军要多，补给也十分充足。决心坚定的防守会击退敌人的攻击，现在比拼的是勇气和决心。逃跑的人只会被消灭，而奋战的人将拯救自己和国家。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Quote help is on the way from the United States thousands of troops and hundreds of planes are being dispatched the exact time of arrival is unknown as they will have to fight their way through Japanese attempts against them it is imperative that our troops hold until these reinforcements arrive no further retreat is possible we have more troops in Bataan than the Japanese have thrown against us our supplies are ample a determined defense will defeat the enemy's attacks it is a question now of courage and determination men who run will merely be destroyed but men who fight will save themselves and their country end quote.
美国军队开始嘲笑麦克阿瑟，称他为“掩体道格”，因为他留在科雷希多岛上。虽然这个岛也不是闹着玩的，不停地被轰炸啊什么的，但跟在壕沟里的士兵相比，他的生活已经算是奢华的了。那些士兵面临的情况非常糟糕，比如类似日本忍者那样的敌人，像恐怖片中的弗莱迪·克鲁格那样对他们进行惨无人道的虐待。如果麦克阿瑟和菲律宾领导人认为美国抛弃了菲律宾，那么在菲律宾的士兵们确实觉得他们被抛弃了。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
American troops were beginning to talk about MacArthur with derision calling him dugout dug for staying on the island of Corregidor which was no picnic needless to say being bombed and stuff all the time but he was luxurious compared to the troops in the foxholes who were having you know the Japanese ninja type stuffing their genitals into their mouths Freddy Krueger style so that was about as bad as it gets and if MacArthur and the Filipino leader think that the United States is forsaking the Philippines the troops in the Philippines simply think they're forsaken.
在詹姆斯·M·斯科特的书《狂暴》中，作者提到士兵们的头盔上涂有白色的“V”字母，本来是象征胜利的标志，但后来却被解读为“受害者”的象征。因为他们在外面受饥挨饿，疾病开始侵袭他们，而美国却似乎没有人采取任何措施来改进这种情况。仿佛他们的命运就是慢慢枯萎凋零。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Author James M Scott in his book Rampage was talking about how the soldiers had white V's painted on their helmets which were supposed to mean victory but had come to mean victims because they were just out there beginning to starve with the disease beginning to get to them and nobody in the United States seemed to be making any effort to do anything about it was their job to just slowly wither on the vine.
有一位美国战地记者和部队在一起，他刊登了一句士兵们之间流传的诗或说法。他们努力想让自己的名字出现在新闻中，因为有很多事情正在分散对巴丹围困的注意力。当时世界正处于战争中，美国也是其中的一部分，报纸上有很多版面被用于报道一些不那么令人沮丧的地方，但你可以想象，15000名美国士兵希望被人关注。战地记者说这首诗中有这么一句：“我们是战斗的巴丹杂牌军，没有妈妈，没有爸爸，没有山姆叔叔，没有姑姑，没有叔叔，没有侄子，没有侄女，没有药品，没有飞机，没有火炮，没有人关心。”
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
There an American war correspondent with the troops printed a saying or a poem that he says was going around the soldiers they're trying to keep their name in the news remember there's a lot of things crowding out the siege in Bataan there's a world at war now and the United States is part of it and there's a lot of newspaper space devoted to places less depressing than the ongoing siege of Bataan and yet you can imagine 15,000 Americans would like to be on the agenda and the war correspondent said that the poem said among other things quote we're the battling bastards of Bataan no mama no papa no uncle Sam no aunts no uncles no nephews no nieces no pills no planes no artillery pieces and nobody gives a damn.
美国人和菲律宾人拼命试图抵挡那些让英国在马来亚防线失败的事情——持续的渗透企图或是绕过正面攻击进行两栖袭击。正面的攻击被击退，但是渗透者成为了一个巨大的问题，就像在马来亚时一样。在这种情况下，迄今为止表现得非常英勇的韦恩赖特将军，认为这座死火山可以阻止日军在两组士兵之间进行渗透并侧翼攻击，但他的想法被证明是错误的，因为日军就是这样做的。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The Americans and Filipinos furiously try to repulse the same things that sunk the British defense in Malaya the constant attempts at infiltration or amphibious assaults around the frontal attacks are beaten off it's the infiltrators that are the terrible problem just like they were in Malaya and in this case General Wainwright who's been so heroic in how he's conducted everything so far turns out to have been terribly wrong with this idea that this mountain this extinct volcano would block the Japanese from infiltrating through the two groups of soldiers and turning their flank because that's exactly what they do.
他说他们像蛇一样在夜晚穿过战线，要让你明白这个丛林有多么密密麻麻，John Toland 曾提到，有一次有一千个人在这片被认为难以通行的地形中穿过了战线，并在三天内都没有被发现。想想看，你的后方有一千人潜伏了三天，而你竟然毫不知情。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
He said they slithered like snakes through the lines at night and to give you an idea of how crazy thick this jungle is John Toland says at one point a thousand of them slipped through the line in this terrain that was supposed to be impassable and were undiscovered for three days think about that for a minute you have a thousand men behind your line and not even know it for three days.
在某个时刻，更多的敌人穿过防线，美国人和菲律宾人开始介入，试图孤立并封锁这些已经突破前线的小股敌人。这场战斗与其说是防御战，不如说是进攻战，因为美国人和菲律宾人有时需要攻击那些突破己方防线并形成据点的日本军队。盟军有时需要几周的时间才能消灭这些敌军据点。在日本最初攻击巴丹后的两周内，盟军指挥官，尤其是美国人，看着局势，意识到已经无法坚守，他们决定放弃这条过于脆弱的防线。我记得是在1月22日，发布了正式撤退的命令，撤退行动随即开始。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
At one point more thousands get through and the Americans involve themselves and the Filipinos involve themselves in trying to isolate and close off these pockets of people that have penetrated the front lines so this is not even a defensive battle per se because at times the Americans and Filipinos have to attack the Japanese that have penetrated their lines and have formed pockets it will take the allied troops sometimes weeks to eliminate these pockets. Within two weeks of the initial Japanese assault on Bataan the allied commanders look at the situation the Americans especially and just say this is untenable we have to abandon this line it's too compromised and so I think it's January 22nd that the official notice goes out and the pullback starts.
像往常一样，我对最后离开的那些人总是很好奇。在这个故事中，是一些美国士兵，他们不得不逐步撤退。他们被描述为有九天的胡茬，双眼凹陷，面颊消瘦，就像行尸走肉一样，向下一个防线撤退。即便是在撤退途中，日本人也制造了麻烦。在这部分故事中，盟军对日本造成的损害暂时阻止了他们。日本的滨田将军和他的部队需要重组、整备和补给，他们需要调来一些新的大型武器，重新考虑整个战局。对滨田来说，这是一个重大的个人失败，非常令人尴尬。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
As usual I'm always intrigued by the last people out and this case it was some US soldiers who had to leapfrog their way back you know nine day growth of beard they're described with hollow eyes sunken cheeks you know like dead men walking as they make their way backwards to the next line of defense and then the Japanese cause problems even with that retreat. But what happens now at this part in the story is the damage that the allied troops have done to the Japanese stop the Japanese for a while General Hama and his troops need to you know reform refit resupply they need to get some new bigger guns in here they have to rethink this whole thing and this is a huge personal defeat for Hama it's embarrassing.
我看到一个说法，其中讲到他一度因巨大的压力晕倒了。他不断请求增援，但总部拒绝了他的请求。现在，他基本上只能显得状况很糟糕，但不得不说，我们确实需要把这件事情当作一个非常重要的问题来处理，并尽快解决它。这会需要一些时间。通常情况下，盟军会欢迎这一段时间，因为他们可以用来整备、补给、引入新部队等等。然而，只有日军才能做到这一点，这就是围困战的意义所在。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I was reading one account that said at one point he just passed out from the stress of all this he kept asking for reinforcements the headquarters denied him and so now he basically has to you know look really bad here but say we really need to treat this you know as a heavy duty thing and finish this so that's going to take some time. Now normally the allied forces would welcome this time because they'd like to refit resupply bring in new fresh troops and the whole thing too but the Japanese are the only side that can do that remember that's what this whole siege thing means.
所以，这段时期与其说是忍者活动，不如说是恶劣的条件开始危害部队，而不是敌人的活动。饥饿和疾病是造成士兵伤亡的主要原因。巴丹半岛是全球疟疾最严重的地区之一，士兵还可能得脚气病和登革热。从这地方能感染的疾病非常多，从前线士兵的照片中经常可以看到他们身上布满各种被称为“丛林腐烂”的病症。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So this is the period where it's not so much other than the ninja stuff that's happening anyway but it's not so much the enemy activity as it is just being here under these conditions that begin to kill the troops. The starvation and the disease the Bataan peninsula is one of the most malarial regions on the planet and you also get beriberi dengue fever. I mean the number of diseases you can get from this area is well if you look at photos of frontline soldiers you often will see them covered in all sorts of like they called it jungle rot.
我读到的另一位作者说，丛林是唯一一种全年都能致命的地形，尤其对参战人员而言。在丛林中作战的人无论哪个季节都会遇到生命威胁。或许有些当地的部落能够适应丛林环境，但日本和同盟国的士兵都会在那里面临身体逐渐衰败的危险。但其实其他战场的气候也能致命。比如，当这个故事发生时，德国人在东线战场上也正在体验俄罗斯冬季的残酷，很多士兵会在前线被冻得僵硬。然而，只要春天到来，俄罗斯的严寒就会结束，但在丛林中，你的生命危险仍然存在。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Another author I was reading says that the jungle was the only kind of terrain that reliably and all season long killed the people who were fighting in it. There are probably some local tribes that are from the jungle that can handle it but Japanese and allied troops alike started to rot literally. There are other theaters where the climate could kill you I mean the Germans on the eastern front are finding out at the very same time this story is going on how nasty the Russian winter is and how many it will take away you know kill you right on the front lines have people frozen stiff. But you know spring will come on the Russian step in the jungle you'll still be dying then.
在这个半岛上，有这么多的人，要理解饥饿的情形确实很困难。人数有点诡异，我一直在说有15000名美军，根据不同分类可能达到了17000人，难民人数不确定，进入巴丹的菲律宾士兵人数也不确定，但大家总是提到有8到10万人。在这个面积约25乘20英里的地区，这8万到10万的人会像蝗虫一样把一切吃光。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
There's the starvation part that's hard to get your mind around because on this peninsula with all these people and numbers are weird I mean I keep saying 15,000 American troops depending on how you classify it could be 17,000 the number of refugees is unknown the number of Filipino soldiers that made it into Bataan specifically is unknown but 80 to 100,000 is the number they always throw out there 80 to 100,000 people in this particular what 25 by 20 mile area they're going to pick it clean like locusts before too long and they eat everything.
这个故事讲的是吃蛇、壁虎，还有所有类型的蟒蛇、看起来像人类婴儿的小猴子。我提到这个是因为我读的一本书中提到的一个退伍军人说，即使在极度饥饿的情况下，他也无法吃这些小动物。它们因为害怕炮击而跳进战壕，而在战壕里的士兵则会抓住它们，终于有东西吃了，可以获得蛋白质。《无敌》一书的作者比尔·斯隆引用了第11团指挥官格伦·汤森上校的话：“口粮从每天16盎司减到8盎司，再到每周两天的4盎司。我们偶尔能得到少量的水牛、骡子或马肉，没有面粉、蔬菜或糖。奎宁已经用完，疟疾肆虐，几乎每个人都有痢疾。”
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I mean the story is about eating snakes and geckos and all pythons um baby monkeys that look like human babies and I only say that because the guy who told the story the veteran who was quoted in the book I read said he couldn't eat them as starving as he was they would jump into the foxholes because they get scared of the shelling and the soldier in the foxhole would just grab them and you know lunch finally something to eat protein. Author Bill Sloan in undefeated quotes a Colonel Glenn Townsend commander of the 11th regiment quote rations were reduced from 16 ounces a day to eight and then to four twice a week we got small amounts of carabao mule or horse meat there was no flour vegetables or sugar the quinine was exhausted malaria rampant almost everyone had dysentery.
Sloan 插话说，士兵们饿得几乎愿意尝试吃任何看似能下咽的东西。他引用了第57团的Harold Johnson少校的话：“我看到士兵们蹲在小路旁，用番茄罐煮一块骡皮或水牛皮，然后拼命咀嚼，试图从中获取一些营养。然而，士兵们从未真正抱怨过。”Johnson 说：“但你总能从他们的眼中看到那个疑问：‘你到底对我们做了什么？’”与此同时，汉马斯将军正准备最后的进攻，正在引进新炮、新兵和新部队。美国政府意识到他们很快会在局势中败下阵来。大家都为在巴丹的抵抗感到自豪，但同时显然大势已去。美国政府考虑到这一点，意识到他们刚刚创造了一个超级英雄道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟，他们不能让他落入敌人之手。这已经够糟糕了，要是他们解除他的职务，整套政策都会崩溃。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Sloan then interjects that the men were hungry enough to try to devour anything that seemed remotely digestible and then quotes major Harold Johnson of the 57th regiment quote I saw soldiers squatting beside trails boiling a piece of mule hide or carabao hide in a tomato can and chewing away at the hide trying to get some nourishment the soldiers never really complained Johnson said. but all the time you could see the question in their eyes what in the world have you done to us end quote as General Hamas preparing for what he figures will be the final push and bringing in new big guns and new troops and fresh units and all this stuff the US government realizes that they're going to lose this situation relatively soon everybody's really proud of the resistance put up here in Bataan but at the same time it's clear that the end is near and the US government is looking at this and going what we just created this superhero in Douglas MacArthur we can't let him fall into enemy hands right it's bad enough to think you might relieve him remember we said the whole house of hope that that much of the policy was based on would collapse if the you know wild card was taken away.
但是，如果这个不可预测的因素被敌人抓住了呢？有趣的是，我在这里读到了一件事，我以前从未听说过，但它非常契合这个故事：道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟不停地大喊大叫，抱怨没有得到任何支持，美国政府没有帮助他，海军也不帮他，而且他无情地批评海军。例如，他说根本没有真正的封锁，海军只是声称有封锁，实际上如果你去挑战，你会发现这只是个纸上谈兵的封锁，暗示他们没有胆量挑战它。麦克阿瑟不断要求增派更多的部队，他被冷落的情况如此公开，甚至可以说显得有些孩子气，以至于敌人开始取笑他。在读詹姆斯·M·斯科特的《横行无忌》一书之前，我对这件事一无所知，但他在书中提到，日本人和德国人在短波广播中嘲笑麦克阿瑟，以此赞美他的奋斗来羞辱美国。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
But what if the wild card were captured by the enemy and it's interesting there was one thing that I had read here that I had never heard before but it fits so well into the story was Douglas MacArthur was screaming and yelling so much about not getting any support and the US government's not helping him in the Navy's not helping him and he criticized the Navy relentlessly he said for example that there wasn't a real blockade that the Navy just said there was a blockade and that if you just challenged it you'd see it was a paper blockade basically implying that they don't have the guts to challenge it. MacArthur's continual demand for more troops and how he was kind of being left in the lurch was so public and almost you know so petulant some might say that the enemy even started mocking him for it and I had not heard this before reading James M. Scott's book Rampage but he says quote the Japanese and the Germans had mocked MacArthur in other shortwave broadcasts paying tribute to his struggle as a way to embarrass the United States.
引用日方广播的内容，所谓的为了公平竞争和骑士精神，日本要求美国给予麦克阿瑟将军所需的增援，以便他能打出一场无论输赢都让他满意的战争。哇，这就像是敌人在嘲讽你和你的国家以及所有人。从麦克阿瑟自己的著作中，你会感受到截然不同的氛围。我之所以没有更多引用他的作品是有原因的。就像我们提到过的温斯顿·丘吉尔一样，你必须对他的作品格外小心，因为他会调整、倾斜和扭曲事实，但他很谨慎，很聪明，很狡猾。他处理的事实通常都是相当可靠的，这是一种特有的魔力。正如他所说，我知道历史会待我宽容，因为我将亲手书写历史。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Now quoting the Japanese broadcast quote in the name of fair play and chivalry the Japanese nation demands that the United States give General MacArthur the reinforcements he needs so he will be able to wage a war that would be to his satisfaction win or lose end quote Wow that's the enemy sort of making fun of you and the country and everybody at the same time you get a very different feel for things from MacArthur's own writings and there's a reason I haven't been quoting them more we had mentioned with Winston Churchill that you have to be extraordinarily careful with his work because he will shade things and slant things and spin things but he's careful about it he's he's clever he's tricky the facts are usually pretty reputable and then you know the way he works them is it's a certain magic right as he said I know history will treat me kindly because I shall write that history well.
麦克阿瑟是一个完全不同的"动物"。首先，我读了很多将军的回忆录，但从未见过像麦克阿瑟这样写的。他的写作风格与一般将军的观点不同，就像如果你读一个物理学家的书，他们的思维方式通常有一定的格式和方法，而麦克阿瑟的写作却不一样。他写得像是我在做严肃历史的记录，更有条理，并且不跑题，所以甚至可以说是一种更清晰的版本。麦克阿瑟的写作充满了比喻，戏剧性也很强。然而，读他的东西需要小心，因为与丘吉尔会倾斜事实并转述事情不同，麦克阿瑟有时直接编造内容。我并不是说他撒谎，虽然批评他的人可能会这么称呼，称他为"冒牌货"和其他称呼，但我读过他的作品，研究了他很长时间。我真的觉得他很真诚，这有点奇怪，因为这样认为的话，也意味着他可能有点妄想。这两者是相辅相成的。如果你认为他像狐狸一样聪明，那么你可能就得稍微同意一点他有点"假"这一说法。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
MacArthur's a whole different animal first of all I've read lots and lots and lots of generals memoirs I've never read one like MacArthur's there's nothing like it it is not like a general's point of view whereas they certain if you read a book by physicists there's a certain way the mind sort of works in these people and you expect a certain sort of an approach and MacArthur doesn't write like a general he writes like I do hardcore history he's more organized too and less tangent so maybe even a clearer version it's Doug MacArthur's hardcore history when you read the writing it's full of analogies and the drama is enormous and the reason you have to be careful with him though is unlike Churchill who slants things and spin things MacArthur flat-out makes stuff up now I didn't say lie notice his detractors call it lying they'll call him phony and a bunch of other things but I've read his work and I've I've studied this guy a long time I truly think and it's weird because if you believe this it comes with other baggage I truly think he's genuine and if he's genuine then you have to buy into the idea that he's a little deluded because they go together if you think he's smart like a fox well then you have to sort of buy into the phony thing a little bit.
我觉得麦克阿瑟相信他写的东西，即使这些东西在批评家眼里多年来看来都不是真的，很多东西都是他编的。不过，我认为他自己是相信的，所以我不能在事实方面信任他，因此我没有引用他的说法。但在这一点上你可以信任他。我是说，艾森豪威尔曾经说过，他在麦克阿瑟手下学习戏剧七年。麦克阿瑟的回忆录充满了戏剧性，而在这个时刻，麦克阿瑟大喊大叫，当政府可能要求他离开菲律宾时，他不愿意。他甚至威胁说要辞去他的职位，重新以志愿兵的身份参战，成为一个将军士兵，这有点像是在展示勇气。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I think MacArthur believes what he wrote even if what he wrote I mean critics have looked at it for years and said this stuff didn't happen he made it up but I thought he believed it so I can't trust him on the facts so I didn't use him but what you can trust him on is this I mean what did Eisenhower say he studied dramatics under MacArthur for seven years MacArthur's memoirs are dramatic and this is where you get to the point where MacArthur's screaming and yelling and and he's ready now to go out when that when the government says MacArthur maybe has to leave the Philippines he doesn't want to go he threatens to go enlist as a vault resign his commission enlist as a volunteer and fight as a general soldier which is a bit of bravado.
其中一个我喜欢关于他的故事是，当他在科雷吉多的时候，他向一位同伴展示了自己的一把德林杰手枪，并说道：“他们绝不会活捉我。”西德，又有些戏剧性，但可能是真的。不过，我仍然认为他为整个巴丹战役提供了最佳的总结，他也许应得这个评价。这确实足够戏剧化，他是这样描述的——这是真正的麦克阿瑟人生中的戏剧时刻之一，相信我，他自己在心里也意识到了。这段故事就像是一个小插曲之前的高潮。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
One of the stories I like about him is when he's at Corregidor he shows a Derringer pistol he has to a compatriot and says they'll never take me alive Sid again a little dramatic but probably true I still think he gives the best epitaph though to the whole Bataan campaign and why not maybe he deserves to it's certainly dramatic enough but here's the way he describes it and this is you know one of these really dramatic moments in MacArthur's life and believe me he notices it in the MacArthur story that he's writing in his head this is right before an intermission.
我想指出，值得注意的是，这段文字是道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟本人写的，没有任何影子写手或合作者。引用如下：我们的部队当时接近于精疲力尽，游击运动进展顺利，但在巴丹和科雷希多尔形势却越来越严峻。看到我的士兵们逐渐消瘦下去，我的心如刀绞。他们的衣服挂在身上像褴褛的破布一样，他们光裸的脚默默地表达着抗议，蓬乱的长发勾勒出消瘦无血色的面容。粗声笑语中充斥着从他们干裂喉咙里发出的粗俗低俗笑话，他们咒骂敌人，同时也咒骂和谴责美国。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
It should also be pointed out I think that Douglas MacArthur wrote this himself I think no ghostwriter no co-writer nothing quote our troops were now approaching exhaustion the guerrilla movement was going well but on Bataan and Corregidor the clouds were growing darker my heart ached as I saw my men slowly wasting away their clothes hung on them like tattered rags their bare feet stuck out in silent protest their long bedraggled hair framed gaunt bloodless faces their horse wild laughter greeted the constant stream of obscene and reballed jokes issuing from their parched dry throats they cursed the enemy and in the same breath cursed and reviled the United States.
他们嘲笑海军时会吐痰，但当他们看到我那顶在美国不受欢迎的破旧炒蛋帽时，眼睛会亮起来，欢呼起来。他们会聚过来，拍拍我的背，说“mabuhe makarsar”。我不知道这是什么意思。他们会露出那种如同垂死者般可怕的骷髅般笑容，齐声高喊：“我们是巴丹无依无靠的战士！”没有爸爸，没有妈妈，没有山姆大叔。他们不求饶，也不留情，这些野蛮的人们拼死抵抗，不像受伤的鸽子那样平静地合上翅膀悄然离去，而是像受伤的狼被围困住般，嘴唇后缩露出威胁的狞笑，手中总是紧握那把早已替代刺刀的长尖刀。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
They spat when they jeered at the Navy but their eyes would light up and they would cheer when they saw my battered and much reviled in America scrambled eggs cap they would gather round and pat me on the back and mabuhe makarsar me it's in quotes I have no idea what it means they would grin that ghastly skeleton like grin of the dying as they would roar in unison we are the battling bastards of Bataan no papa no mama no uncle Sam they asked no quarter and they gave none they died hard those savage men not gently like a stricken dove folding its wings in peaceful passing but like a wounded wolf at bay with lips curling back in a snarling menace and always a nerveless hand reaching for that long sharp machete knife which long ago they had substituted for the bayonet.
当我们安葬他们时，他们的脖子上挂着一根肮脏的绳子，绳子上垂挂着十字架。他们肮脏、满身虱子、恶臭不堪，但我依然爱他们。” 到了3月12日，麦克阿瑟不得不离开。他不想走，但他确信自己必须这样做。他经历了一次惊心动魄的逃亡，承诺会回来，最终来到了澳大利亚。他通过广播发表了一份声明，在其中他说出了那句著名的话：“我将回归”，以此表明他会回来解放菲律宾。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And around their necks as we buried them would be a thread of dirty string with its dangling crucifix they were filthy and they were lousy and they stank and I loved them end quote by March 12th MacArthur has to leave he doesn't want to go but he's convinced that he has to he gets this harrowing escape promises to come back makes his way to Australia broadcasts a radio um announcement where he says the famous I shall return about coming back and liberating the Philippines.
当然，以道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟将军特有的风格，他选择使用了个人代词来表达，而不是使用“我们将会回来”这样表示盟军或美国人的说法。我之前没有听说过这个，直到最近的研究揭示了这一点。这种表达方式非常完美，但并不是所有人都对此感到满意，也并非所有人都把麦克阿瑟看作超级英雄。接下来，他很快就会获得国会荣誉勋章。不过，可以猜测，麦克阿瑟的行动并没有被那些无法乘坐PT艇逃到澳大利亚的人很好地接受。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And of course in wonderful Douglas MacArthur fashion and I hadn't heard that until recent research apparently he it was suggested to him that he should say we shall return meaning the allies the Americans whatever it might be and chose to use the personal pronoun instead it's just perfect not everybody of course was happy or saw MacArthur as this superhero again soon to get a congressional medal of honor MacArthur's action as he might have surmised not exactly taken well by the people who can't get away on a PT boat and make it to Australia.
在《雄鹰对太阳》一书中，Ronald H Specter写道，在菲律宾，疲惫不堪的美菲士兵开始更为批判地看待麦克阿瑟的行为。将军威廉·E·布鲁舍尔（William E. Brusher），曾在巴丹指挥第11师，他写道：“谁有权利决定，将两万名美国人未经他们同意、且在他们无过错的情况下，送入一个会让他们遭受无尽痛苦、残酷限制、死亡或无望未来的计划？” 他接着写道：“一场卑劣的骗局被总司令和他的小型幕僚团队施加给了大量美国人，而这些人现在正在澳大利亚大吃牛排和鸡蛋，该死。”
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Ronald H Specter in Eagle Against the Sun writes quote in the Philippines the exhausted Americans and Filipinos also took a more critical view of MacArthur's action quote who had the right to say that 20,000 Americans should be sentenced without their consent and for no fault of their own to an enterprise that would involve for them endless suffering cruel handicap death or a hopeless future wrote General William E Brusher who commanded the 11th division on Bataan continuing quote a foul trick of deception has been played on a large group of Americans by a commander-in-chief and a small staff who are now eating steak and eggs in Australia god damn them end quote.
早些时候，我想我们提到了阿拉莫，与德克萨斯人在被围困的小型任务中对抗墨西哥人的情形相似。这个任务从一开始就注定要失败，由像威廉·特拉维斯这样的人指挥。假如在阿拉莫决战的最后一刻，威廉·特拉维斯没有牺牲，而是说：“我在华盛顿有重要的事情，他们需要我。听着，我会回来的。你们只要确保在我回来时还在这儿。”这将是一个非常奇怪的阿拉莫故事的结局，不是吗？
在另一个案例中，麦克阿瑟在回忆录中声称，如果你愿意相信他的话，他原本期待并想要与驻军同生共死。甚至在一个关键时刻，当有人问他的妻子是否想撤离时，她也回答不，并且他的儿子也在场。麦克阿瑟告诉来人：“她将与我共命运，我们共饮一杯。”这种说法很戏剧化。然后他又提到，菲律宾的领导者戏剧性地把自己的戒指戴在麦克阿瑟的手指上，以便日后能认出麦克阿瑟的遗体。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Earlier I think we'd mentioned the Alamo as a kind of comparison with the situation the Texans against the Mexicans in that beleaguered little mission that was doomed from the outset commanded by guys like William Travis what if instead of dying at the Alamo at the last minute before the big final charge William Travis left I'm very important they need me in Washington and listen I shall return just you know make sure you're still here when I get here it'd be a very weird ending to the Alamo story wouldn't it in this case uh MacArthur claims in his memoirs if you believe him that he was expecting and wanted to die with the garrison and that even his wife had been asked if she wanted to be evacuated at one of the critical times and she said no and his son's there too and he told the person who said that she will share my fate we drink from the same cup it's very dramatic and then he says the head of the philippines dramatically puts his own signet ring on MacArthur's finger so that he'll be able to identify MacArthur's body.
现在麦克阿瑟已经远在四千英里之外的澳大利亚，但他依然希望巴丹的防御者们坚持既定计划。也就是说，无论他是否亲自参与，他们仍将战斗到最后一人。而麦克阿瑟本人则承诺“我将返回”。要真正理解这种类比，我们可以想象如果威廉·特拉维斯在逃往某个遥远的地方后，仍然试图控制阿拉莫的防御，那就是麦克阿瑟的做法。他在心理上从未放弃菲律宾的行动。尽管他在澳大利亚提出了一个直接微观管理的计划，最终被总统罗斯福和将军马歇尔否决，他们对他说：“你不能在四千英里外指挥战斗。”然而，他还是设法在某种程度上掌握了控制权，并且到四月底，他将在整个战区担任指挥官，因此可以说一切已经注定。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Well now MacArthur's four thousand miles away in Australia but he still wants the defenders of Bataan to stick with that plan right we're still going to die to the last man whether I'm part of that or not and I shall return for this analogy to really be applicable though to MacArthur you have to imagine that when William Travis got to whatever far away location he fled to he was still trying to control the defense of the Alamo because that's what MacArthur's going to try to do he's never mentally going to let go of the Philippines and even though he had his plans to set up a direct micromanagement system from Australia which was nixed by President Roosevelt and General Marshall by the way who said you're not going to control the battle from four thousand miles away he managed to kind of assume control anyway and by the end of April is going to be made the head of the entire theater anyway so the writing was on the wall.
接替他工作的人，也就是那个不幸的家伙，他成了输掉比赛的投手，这个人就是我们的老朋友温赖特将军。他处在一个非常不幸的位置上，一边是道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟对他说一些似乎与现实完全脱节的话，另一边是他的副指挥官们，他们和地面部队有联系，向他传递一剂扎实的现实。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So the guy who gets the job after him the poor sap who has to be the losing pitcher of record here who has to take the loss is our old friend General Wainwright who's in the very unenviable position of having Douglas MacArthur telling him one thing which seems completely disconnected from reality and his subcommanders who are in touch with the actual troops on the ground giving him a healthy dose of you know their reality.
备受期待的日本大规模攻击发生在4月3日，据大多数消息来源称，尽管有些地方会因为时区问题报成4月2日。日本已经为此备战多时，集结了超过6.5万名士兵，其中约有1.5万人是新兵。此外，他们还集中了80到100架飞机，并准备了150到200门火炮，其中一些是非常重型的攻城武器，这在日军中并不常见。他们还有坦克，已做好充分准备。这次攻击以一次在此战线前所未见的猛烈炮击开始，正如约翰·托兰在《旭日》中所写的，菲律宾人从未见过这样的场面。战线的主要据点是一个古老的休眠火山，驻扎了大量士兵，成为整个战线的支撑点，而这正是日本军队的攻击目标。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The long-awaited Japanese attempt at a knockout blow happens most sources say April 3rd you run into this dateline thing again so some will say April 2nd the Japanese launched the big attack now they have been stockpiling for this they got more than 65,000 troops set up here a bunch of them 15,000 something like that completely fresh they have 80 to 100 aircraft they've amassed they have between 150 and 200 artillery pieces which as I said unusual for the Japanese and some of them very heavy siege weapons they have tanks they're ready for this and they start with a bombardment that is very unusual for this front and the Filipinos John Toland writes in the Rising Sun have never seen anything like it and the strong point for this battle line is another one of these extinct dormant volcano mountain places and there's a lot of troops on it it's it's it sort of anchors the entire front and that's what the Japanese are going to hit.
经过中午前几个小时的初步轰炸后，进攻开始了。约翰·托兰德在《旭日东升》中描绘道：“十点钟，炮火开始了。菲律宾人从未经历过如此毁灭性的打击，炮弹似乎在彼此的顶部爆炸。这让美国战士想起了一战中最猛烈的德国炮轰。日本第22航空大队的轰炸机毫无阻碍地以完美的队形接近，并在圣马特山前两英里半的区域投下了成吨的炸药。竹林瞬间燃烧起来，这一现象起初被轻描淡写地对待，人们甚至用燃烧的树点燃香烟。然而，刷干了的灌木像火绒一样着火，热浪变得难以忍受。美国人和菲律宾人纷纷从掩体中跃出，撤退到第二防线。”
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And after a preliminary bombardment of several hours in the mid-morning hours the attack commences John Toland and the Rising Sun describes it quote at 10 o'clock the firing started the Filipinos had never experienced anything so devastating shells seemed to explode on top of each other it reminded American veterans of the heaviest German barrages in World War One bombers of the Japanese 22nd air brigade approached unmolested in perfect formation and dropped tons of explosives on the two and a half miles in front of Mount Samat bamboo groves burst into flame the phenomenon was treated lightly at first men lit cigarettes on the burning trees then brush dry as tinder ignited and the heat became intolerable Americans and Filipinos alike leaped from their foxholes and scrambled back to the second line of defense.
在这里，植被被烧毁，地面几乎变得贫瘠。防守者原以为他们是安全的，但一阵风吹起，火焰跨过了清理出的区域，蔓延到远处茂密的丛林中。士兵被困在火圈中，数百人被烧成灰烬，那些逃出的人像疯狂的动物一样向后方逃窜，带去了恐慌。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Here foliage had been blasted away leaving the ground almost barren and the defenders thought they were safe but a wind sprang up and flames leaped over the cleared area to the lush jungle growth beyond the men were trapped in a circle of fire hundreds were cremated those who escaped fled to the rear like frenzied animals spreading panic end quote.
我一直觉得有趣的一点是，你对历史事件的观察视角会影响它们的呈现方式。当你深入了解时，你能看到士兵们的切身体验。而如果你拉远视角，阅读军事历史百科全书等内容，你会看到有关主要部队行动的基本情况，但却失去了对个体人员经历的细节。然而，这种广角视角有时可以给你提供一个理解事件骨架的框架。例如，在《军事历史百科全书》中，特雷弗·杜普依这样描述日军在巴丹的大规模攻击：“哈马加强和整编了部队，在持续不断的空袭和炮击掩护下发动攻击，突破了第二军团的左翼，日军在48小时内将其向后推了10英里。在左翼，第一军团向海岸后撤并尝试反击，但很容易被击退，第二军团崩溃。”
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I've always found it interesting that the zoom level that you apply to historical events determines the way they sound so that's obviously an on-the-ground level of what the troops are experiencing. If you zoom way out and you read encyclopedias of military history and whatnot you just get the bare bones of what these major formations are doing but you lose the sense of what's going on to the individual humans but it helps explain sometimes the bare bones in a way that gives you a framework. For example, in the encyclopedia of military history, Trevor Dupuis describes the big Japanese knockout blow here at Bataan this way: quote "Hama reinforced and refitted attacked under cover of incessant air and artillery bombardment bursting through the left flank of second corps the Japanese forced it back 10 miles in 48 hours. On the left, first corps bent back toward the sea attempted counter-attacks but these were easily repulsed second corps disintegrated" end quote.
温赖特将军将收到麦克阿瑟将军的一封信，信中告诉他，当物资情况变得无法维持时，不要考虑投降，而是必须进攻。麦克阿瑟的批评者一直指责他试图通过虚构一个更加宏大的故事，也就是属于他自己的“阿拉莫之战”，以将自己的名字载入史册，并认为这与实际的军事状况无关，因为温赖特将从他的下属指挥官们那里了解到实际的军事状况，其中包括巴丹的指挥官金将军。金将军在4月7日派遣使者向温赖特传达他们可能需要投降的信息。这段交流非常著名，令人心碎，并且在大多数资料中都有记载。温赖特抬起头来看着这位使者，顺便说一下，这使者本身也是一位将军，然后说：“你回去告诉金将军，不会有投降，告诉他，他必须进攻，这就是我的命令。”
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
General Wainwright will get a note from General MacArthur telling him that when the supply situation becomes impossible there must be no thought of surrender you must attack. MacArthur's critics have always accused him of trying to get his name in the history books with a grander story, his own Alamo story, and that this has nothing to do with the military situation because the military situation on the ground is something that Wainwright is hearing from his subcommanders including General Edward King who is the commander on Bataan. He sends his messenger to Wainwright on April 7th telling him that they may have to surrender. The response, the back and forth here is famous, it's heartbreaking and it's recounted in most of the sources but Wainwright looks up at this messenger who's a general himself by the way and says you go back and tell General King that there will be no surrender tell him he will attack those are my orders.
然后出现了一段长时间的沉默，随即传达消息的将军——一位曾与驻扎在巴丹的部队并了解全部情况的将军对温赖特将军说道：“将军，你知道那边的情况，你知道结果会如何。”温赖特用带着些许哽咽的声音回应：“我知道。”换句话说，这些人如今被历史的齿轮所困，而我们现在并不太关心他们的具体状况，现在这是关于更大的事情。至于具体是什么，我留给你们决定。在这种情况下，那些部队被迫发起反攻，而有些地面指挥官表示反对，但那些执行了反攻的部队却轻易被击溃。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Then there's this long silence and then the general who delivered the message who's been with the troops on Bataan who knows the score says to General Wainwright, "General you know what the situation is over there you know what the outcome will be," and Wainwright says, "I do," in a sort of a choked-up voice. In other words, these men now are caught in the gears of history and we're not really so concerned about their specific situation at the moment this is about bigger things and I'll leave it to you to decide which bigger things we're talking about here. But the counter-attack that those troops are forced to launch in the situations where they do because some of their commanders on the ground say uh-uh but the ones who do it's brushed aside easily.
局势一片混乱，金将军并没有事先告知上级和下属，故意让他们免于责任。他选择投降，交出78,000名士兵，其中大多数是菲律宾人，但也有15,000到17,000名美国人，无论你采用哪个数字，这都被认为是美国陆军历史上最大规模的投降。金将军认为他几乎肯定会因此被军事法庭审判，但他不想让其他人承担这个决定的责任。我对金将军的了解不多，所以有可能误解了这件事，但难道他看起来不像是一位英雄吗？他终于结束了这些长期以来承受苦难的士兵的痛苦，他们付出的比任何人要求的都多，并坚持得比任何人预料的都久。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The situation's a disaster and General King without telling anyone above him or below him on purpose to spare them the responsibility surrenders 78,000 troops most of them Filipino but as we said 15, 17,000 Americans whichever number you want to take it is the largest surrender it's considered to be the largest surrender in U.S. Army history. King thinks he's going to be court-martialed for this almost certainly he didn't want to tar any of the other people around him with the decision. I don't know a lot about General King so it's possible I'm misreading this whole thing but doesn't he look kind of heroic here like he's going to end the suffering finally of these long suffering troops who put in more than anyone should have asked them to and have resisted longer than anyone thought they could?
这件事将付出他个人声誉、事业的代价，让他的后代蒙羞，并玷污他的家族名誉——而他来自一个有军人背景的家庭。可以预见的是，他的名声将永远被抹黑，在那个所有将军都希望被记载的美国军事史书中，他会被列入最失败者的篇章。他试图把所有损失都扛在自己肩上。像我之前提到的，我可能不清楚整个故事，但这看起来是非常英雄的行为，完全不像麦克阿瑟那样，从来不愿意对失败负责，甚至连承认可能有失败都不肯。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And it's only going to cost him his personal reputation, his career, the embarrassment and tarring and feathering of his descendants, the destroying of his family name and he comes from a military family. And oh yeah, the destruction for all history of his reputation he's going to get into that American military history book that every general wants to make it into but he's going to be on the page of biggest losers and he's trying to confine the damage to his shoulders alone like I said maybe I don't know the whole story but it seems pretty heroic the very opposite of someone like MacArthur who simply seems unable to take responsibility for failure or even admit that there might be failure.
当温赖特将军在科雷希多岛上得知金将军投降的消息时，他并不完全同意这种做法。顺便说一下，他自己也累得筋疲力尽，但他瞬间有些失控，觉得不应该这样，并希望能改变这一决定。然而，他的助手告诉他，已经太晚了，事情已成定局。无论如何，温赖特将有机会体验金将军的感受，因为不到一个月后，他将在科雷希多岛上面临同样的命运，不得不让自己和他的1万名官兵投降。由于日军连续27、28天轰炸该岛，摧毁了所有的炮台，地面建筑全被摧毁，温赖特与他的参谋人员和部队只能躲在地下隧道里。最终他们不得不出来，我记得有一张照片是日军用枪指着这些像是参谋人员的人，他们双手举起投降。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
General Wainwright on the island of Corregidor when he gets the news about King surrendering doesn't quite see it that way he's bone tired himself by the way but there's a momentary freak out he can't do that make him take it back and all that but the aides inform him that it's too late it's a done deal. Wainwright's going to get a chance to walk a mile in General King's moccasins anyway because within a month he's going to have to do the very same thing on the island of Corregidor gonna have to surrender his 10,000 men the marines that are with him because the Japanese will have bombed the island for like 27, 28 straight days destroyed all the artillery pieces on the island shattered everything above ground and Wainwright his staff and these troops are living in the underground tunnel so they finally come up and there's a photo i recall from memory of the japanese pointing their guns at these they look like staff members if i recall you know from corregidor with their hands up.
我一直被教导要看那些照片中人们的脸，他们正在经历人生中最紧张激烈的时刻。当时，许多人可能认为自己不会再活很久。根据美国军队的主要资料，普遍的看法是日本人不留俘虏。现在我们从故事中知道，有时候他们留俘虏，有时候不留，但这些被俘的人不知道命运会如何。不清楚他们是否听说过上个月在巴丹投降的战友的下场，但如果他们听过，那一定让他们感到恐惧。在巴丹投降的78,000到80,000人中，只有大约54,000人到达了最终目的地。这个目的地距离大约60到70英里，他们大多是步行完成这段旅程的。你可以想象，他们投降时的状态有多糟糕。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I was always taught to look at the faces of the people in those pictures they're experiencing the most intense moment of their lives right there and then and many of them probably figured they do not have long left to live the general scuttlebutt amongst the american troops if you read the primary sources was that the japanese didn't take prisoners now we know from our story here that well sometimes they did and sometimes they didn't but these people don't know which side of the coin flip they're going to be on and i have no clue at all whether they had heard any rumors about what had happened to their compatriots who had surrendered the month before on bataan but if they had heard anything it would have filled them with dread because of the 78 to 80 000 people who surrendered at batan only about 54 000 ever made it to the final destination the final destination was about 60 to 70 miles away these people mostly had to do that trek on foot you know the condition they were in when they surrendered.
当你拼尽全力战斗到极限时，其中一个缺点就是，一旦投降，你就会成为俘虏手中的"精神崩溃者"。如果俘虏让你在95华氏度（约35摄氏度）的高温和90%的湿度下行军60到70英里，那将成为一次死亡行军，即便没有其他因素，这本身就是一种折磨。但除此之外，还有其他事情，比如施虐，无以言表。我有许多关于死亡行军的第一手资料，实际上我曾经遇到过一个人，他甚至无法说出战俘或被俘者这个词，而是用"天皇的客人"这个词，他会说“当我是天皇的客人时”。当我查看这些资料时，很有趣，也很有启发性。所有资料都在讲述个别日本士兵的残忍或折磨行为，或对于有些人而言，更恰当的词可能是耀武扬威。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
One of the downsides to fighting to the very nth of your strength is that when you surrender you're a basket case in the hands of your captors and what if your captors make you march 60 to 70 miles in 95 degree heat with 90 humidity you're going to have a death march if there's nothing else involved at all but there's other things involved too sadism there's no other way to put it i had a whole bunch of firsthand accounts from people from the death march i'd actually met one once who couldn't even say the word pow or captive he used the term guest of the emperor and he would say when i was the guest of the emperor but when i looked at these accounts it was interesting it was actually telling all the accounts were about individual japanese soldiers that were just sadistic or torturous or a better word for some of them might be more triumphal.
我们认为军队对待被俘敌军时应该表现得像骑士一样有风度，但这在历史上并不普遍。例如，Eric Berger提到，在欧洲，随着几个世纪的发展，战俘的待遇是基于一种类似黄金法则的理念：你善待我们的俘虏，我们也会善待你的俘虏。这种做法从某种程度上是为了自己的利益。然而，不是所有国家都遵循这样的协议，比如日本就并没有签署所有关于战俘待遇的协议。有时这也涉及到一些文化问题，比如日本人对俘虏和荣誉的看法不同。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
We have an idea that troops should behave in a sort of a chivalrous fashion towards enemy troops that they capture but that's not the norm throughout history is it i mean it's eric berger was talking about how the treatment of captives and pow's developed in europe over several centuries based on a sort of golden rule kind of idea that you know you treat our captives good and we'll treat your captives well right so it was you did it for your own benefit in a way but that that wasn't the the japanese did not sign all the same agreements on prisoner treatment and they pointed this out sometimes there's also some cultural questions obviously on japanese thoughts on captives and honor and all that sort of stuff.
但如果你试图将这件事归咎于类似西线或东欧那种情况，比如德国人推行的灭绝计划，这里情况并不相同。最高层没有下达命令要求屠杀所有这些人、犯下所有这些暴行。这里发生的事情更类似于军队对战败敌人的长期行为，只是表现得像胜利后得意忘形的家伙。比如你有时候可以看到20世纪70年代、80年代、90年代甚至2000年代某些国家战俘投降的视频或影片，胜利者会在队伍中跑来跑去，对着俘虏做割喉手势或者扔东西，把他们拉出队列偷东西，然后殴打他们，并时刻寻找任何借口射杀任何人。这似乎成为了一种常态，但是在我们现在看来，甚至在20世纪40年代中期，这都显得极其野蛮。当金将军向他的对手投降时，他说：“你现在要对待我的士兵好一点。”而对手回应说：“我们不是野蛮人。”
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
But if you're trying to pin this on the same sort of thing you might see on the western front or maybe over in the east where the germans have a homicidal program to wipe out various peoples it's not the same here you don't have orders from the highest up saying massacre all these people commit all these atrocities you have something more akin to the sort of thing that armies have done to defeated enemies forever just acting like triumphant jerks. I mean you can see videos sometimes or films from surrenders of troops from the 1970s 1980s 90s into the 2000s in some countries where you'll see the victors running up to the line of paraded captives and you'll do throat slashing gestures or throw things at them or take them out of line and steal stuff and then beat them and all the time looking for any excuse to shoot anybody well that seems to be more than norm but to us now and even in the mid 1940s it looked barbaric when general king surrendered to his counterpart he said now you're going to treat my men well and the counterpart said we are not barbarians.
按照英国人和美国人的标准，如果你看看在日本被俘期间死亡的人数与在德国或意大利被俘期间死亡的人数相比，这之间有巨大的差异。利物浦的拉塞尔勋爵研究了东京战争罪审判中汇编的数据，得出了一个惊人的结论。当然，这不包括苏联或中国，若包括这些国家数字会大不相同，但他指出，被德国或意大利俘虏的英美士兵在战俘营中死亡的几率是4%，而落入日本人手中的英美士兵在被遣返前死亡的几率是27%，差距非常明显。最温和的说法可能是，日本在对待战俘方面投入的关注和资源远低于其他主要国家。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Well by the standards of the british and the americans you might be if you look at the number of people who died in japanese captivity compared to the number of people who died in german or italian captivity it is a huge difference. Lord Russell of Liverpool was looking at the stats compiled at the Tokyo war crimes trials and came up with a doozy. Now this obviously doesn't include the Soviet Union or China which would change these numbers immensely but he said a British or American soldier who fell into captivity by the Germans or the Italians had a four percent chance of dying while in captivity. A British or American soldier who fell into Japanese hands had a 27 percent chance of dying before being returned home and it's not even close. The most gentle thing you could probably say is that the Japanese had a much lower level of priority in terms of attention and resources towards POWs than the other major powers did.
事实上，像领导了新加坡战役的山下将军和菲律宾战役的羽田将军这样的士兵，在战争结束后都被盟军以战争罪判处死刑。仔细来看，他们可能都不太该受到这样的惩罚。以羽田为例，他在安排的时候设立了医院站、休息站和粮食供应点，但这些设施只为大约2.5万人准备。然而，他们面临的问题是，虽然在战斗中胜利，但要处理的俘虏人数计划是2.5万人，实际却达到了7.8万人。这无疑会导致混乱，而如果这个问题不是你的首要任务，再加上随行的部分人可能会采用类似古埃及军队对待被俘的赫梯人那样的行为，就很容易导致严重的战争罪行。故事真的让人心碎，这些士兵好几天都没有食物，而日军不仅不给他们提供食物，反而在他们面前吃东西。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Um the truth is is that guys like General Yamashita who led the Singapore campaign and General Hama who led this Philippines campaign will both be executed by the Allies after the war for war crimes and probably neither one of them deserve that if you examine it closely. Both of those generals i mean Hama had it set up so that there were hospital stops and rest stops and food but only for about 24 or 25 000 people. They had the same problems with the exposure moment and the acid tests of combat they win but they plan for 25 000 prisoners and they end up with 78 000. Well that's going to be chaos anyway isn't it and if it's not your highest priority anyway and if you have quite a few people amongst you that are happy you know behaving the same way that Egyptian would troops would with captured Hittites marched through their capital um you have a recipe made for uh a horrific war crime and the stories are all heartbreaking but they're all like you know these are troops who have not had food for days and the Japanese didn't feed them but they'd eat in front of them.
他们会给囚犯展示食物，或者开着卡车经过，在囚犯的头上用枪托打过去。他们会等待任何机会把囚犯拉出队伍，殴打或杀死他们。甚至请求喝水都有可能被杀。有一个关于金将军的故事让我很意外，他刚刚投降，但也不得不参加死亡行军，并未能幸免于这种屈辱。这是我对这个事件唯一的记忆，因为这个故事显示这些被俘的士兵完全掌控在他们的俘虏者手中，而俘虏者有时会以致命的方式戏弄他们。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
They'd show them bowls of food or they'd come by on their trucks and they'd smack the line of prisoners in the head with with their rifle butts. They would wait for any chance to to take them out of line and beat them or kill them asking for water could get you killed. There's one story and I was surprised to run into it that involves General King himself who just surrendered here he gets to go on the death march too and he doesn't get spared the indignity. This is the one remembrance I'll do from it because it just shows you that this was about a bunch of captive soldiers that were totally in the powers of their captors and their captors played with them sometimes fatally.
这段文字最初出现在马里奥·马奇的书《在旭日之下：一个日本战俘的回忆》中。他引用了一位幸存者的话：“一路上，抢劫和殴打持续不断。无论地位高低，都可能受到攻击，甚至高级军官也不例外。我亲眼看到一个日本士兵袭击少将金。这个士兵个子很矮，为了用拳头打到将军的脸，他不得不跳起来。他一次又一次地这样做，而将军只是站在那里。士兵们用枪指着我们，等待我们有所行动。最后，这个士兵失去了耐心，愤怒地走开了。”有人可能会倾向于相信日本人关于错误和误判的借口，认为这些不是故意的，但即使是这样的错误，如果一再发生，就更像是一种严重疏忽导致的过失杀人。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
This quote originally appeared in um Mario Machi's book under the rising sun memories of a Japanese prisoner of war and the survivor he quotes says this quote mile after mile the looting and the beatings continued they cared not who they struck high ranking officers were no exception. I watched one Japanese private attack Major General King. The soldier was so short he had to jump to strike the general in the face with his fist. He did it time and time again and the general just stood there guards with pointed rifles waited for us to do something finally the private gave up in disgust and walked away end quote. One is tempted to um give credence to the Japanese excuses about mistakes and and misjudgments and these sorts of things right not being intentional uh but once again even if you have these mistakes if they happen over and over again it becomes more like criminally negligent homicide.
利物浦的罗素勋爵在《武士道骑士》中这样描述日本的倾向："从太平洋战争开始，普遍接受的关于战俘和被拘留平民的管理规定就被公然无视。战俘被枪杀、斩首、溺死和其他方式处决。在死亡行军中，一些生病和完全不适合行走的战俘被迫长途跋涉，而这种条件下，即使是身体健康的部队也难以忍受。许多掉出队伍的人被护卫队用枪射杀或用刺刀刺死。"
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
And Lord Russell of Liverpool in the Knights of Bushido wrote this about the Japanese tendencies quote from the beginning of the pacific war the generally accepted regulations concerning the custody of prisoners of war and civilian internees were flagrantly disregarded. Prisoners of war were murdered by shooting decapitation drowning and other methods they died during death marches on which prisoners of war who were sick and quite unfit for any form of exertion were forced to march for long distances in conditions which even fit troops could not have been expected to stand. Many of those who fell out of the column were shot or bayoneted to death by the escort end quote.
即使只是连续不断地阅读这些暴行，也会让你想拿起武器，加入对抗那些施行这种暴行的人，为正义而战。这让人不禁联想到当时实际经历这些事件的人们的感受。我非常感谢那些历史学家和作家，他们努力在这些故事中找到人性的细微闪光点，并利用这些闪光点来反思整个局势。这种暴行和这样的故事，即便没有宣传，也能让人感到一种迷醉，仿佛一片红雾遮挡住了视线，让你忘记其实如果不是因为那些更大的问题，比如资源、意识形态、权力、政治等，人类总是为此争斗，这些人可能根本不会处于这样的境地，甚至没有理由互相憎恨，反而可能成为朋友。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Even reading these atrocities when you read them back to back to back can make you want to pick up a weapon yourself and enlist in the cause of righteousness against people that would do these kinds of things so you can only imagine what it must have been like for the people actually living this at the same time. I'm indebted to some of these historians and authors who made sure to find little shards of humanity in the story and use them to reflect back on the entire situation. These sorts of atrocities and these kinds of stories even without the propaganda can put you in a bit of a trance right a red mist clouds your vision and you forget that were it not for these larger issues that human beings have always fought over resources, ideologies, power, politics, you know whatever it might be these people probably aren't even in this situation and probably have no reason to hate each other and might even be friends.
这些故事中有一些非常精彩。其中一个故事，我忘了是在哪里读到的，但它讲的是一个日本士兵在注意到巴丹死亡行军中的一名俘虏是他在美国大学时的同学后，从坦克上跳下来，拥抱了他。约翰·托兰在《旭日》这本书中讲述了一名美国俘虏的故事，他的物品，包括一枚戒指，被日本士兵抢走。这时，一名日本军官路过，注意到戒指是圣母大学的毕业戒指，就打了一下面那个士兵，把戒指还给了俘虏，并问他是哪一年毕业的。那人说是1935年。托兰说，那个日本士兵用一种若有所思的眼神说，他是在1935年从南加州大学毕业的。你不禁会想，这些人为什么互相仇恨呢？
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Some of these stories are wonderful; one was, uh I forgot where I read it but he talked about a Japanese soldier who jumped off of his tank after noticing one of the captives in the Bataan Death March was a classmate from college in the United States and embraced him. John Toland in "The Rising Sun" tells a story of a man of an American captive who's being having his stuff stripped from him including a ring by a Japanese soldier, and the officer, the Japanese officer walks by, noticed that the ring is a Notre Dame class ring, strikes the soldier who looted it in the face, gives the ring back, and said what year did you graduate? The guy said, um, 1935 and the Japanese soldier says, uh, Toland says with a faraway look in his eyes said I graduated from Southern California in 35 and you think to yourself why are these people hating each other again?
不幸的是，对于这些人来说，日军在这里积累了大量的业债，迟早要偿还，那是一种巨大的仇恨。当今流行批评二战后期的同盟国民众，指责他们愿意对轴心国平民造成如此沉重的打击。然而，如果说在战争那时同盟国民众变得冷酷无情，那么需要记住的是，1941年和1942年发生的事情正是让他们冷酷的原因之一。家永三郎将这段战争时期比作一场通向灾难的过山车，迄今为止日本的势头一直在上升，但任何上升的事物必定会下降，形势将会改变，所有这些业债都将被偿还，还要加上利息。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Unfortunately for all of them, there's a massive amount of karmic debt the Japanese military here is acquiring that's going to have to be paid off at some point, an enormous amount of hate. It's fashionable these days to castigate the Allied populations in the latter part of the Second World War for being so willing to inflict such crushing damage to the civilian populations of the Axis powers but if Allied populations had hardened hearts by that point in the war it's important to remember what happened in 1941 and 1942 to help harden those hearts in the first place. Saburo Ienaga described this part of the war as being on a roller coaster to disaster so far the Japanese have been trending upward but what goes up must come down, the worm will turn and all these karmic debts will be paid in full with interest.
在过去一年左右，我的工作生活最像是一次恶魔骑士的摩托车跳跃。我并不是指那种他顺利跳过障碍、大家都开心庆祝的跳跃，而是指那种他自信满满地认为自己没问题，可以轻松完成的跳跃。他看着前方一排排巴士，心里早已模拟过很多次，然后他以每小时100英里的速度从跳台飞出去，腾空而起。当他飞跃到一半时，你可能会想，这次他会成功的。他已越过大约三分之二的时候，但你注意到他的冲劲开始减弱，你心里一紧，脑中快速计算着，觉得他这次撑不过去。果不其然，就在接近另一个跳台之前，他轰然摔在了巴士上，翻滚了二十次，形同所有骨头都断了，不过这仅仅是个比喻。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Over the last year or so, my work life seems to best resemble an Evil Knievel motorcycle jump. Now I don't mean one of those jumps where Evil makes it to the other side and everybody's happy and we celebrate and we interview Evil afterwards, I mean one of those jumps where Evil was convinced he's going to be able to pull this off no problem; all those buses sure I visualized it many times. Then Evil goes flying off that ramp at 100 miles per hour, he hits the air, he's about halfway over these buses and you're thinking to yourself this guy's going to make it, he's going to pull it off, he gets about two-thirds of the way over those buses and you can see the momentum starts to lag a little bit and you go uh-oh a little bit farther and your brain's doing the mental calculations and you think he's not going to make it and sure enough before the other ramp boom onto the buses rolls about 20 times breaks every bone in his body metaphorically speaking.
过去的一年对我来说就是这样的感觉，我必须用比喻的方式来形容，因为去年确实有人受伤了，我不想显得无情。这一年在我的职业生涯中就像是“狗年”或“总统年”一样，我感觉自己迅速变老了。最糟糕的是，由于这些原因，我不仅没有发布更多的播客，反而发布得更少了。不过，我有个理由来解释，希望至少能缓和你们对我的感受。这与我一直以为可以同时做好所有事情的想法有关，但我错了。对处理外界机会的问题一直是那些制作劳动密集型播客的人所面临的挑战，所以我并不孤单；大多数这类人的时间表都非常紧凑。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
That's what the last year feels like for me and I have to say metaphorically speaking because there are people out there who really got injured in the last year and I don't want to be insensitive but it was one of those career years where I feel like I aged in dog years or president years. The real twist in the knife of the whole thing is that I didn't get out more podcasts because of it, I got less podcasts out but I have an excuse and I hope it helps at least mollify your feelings towards me. It is involved in this whole idea of thinking I can keep all these plates spinning and being wrong, but I have a problem dealing with outside opportunity has always been a problem for people who have really labor-intensive podcasts so I'm not alone in that; there's not a lot of slack in most of those people's schedules.
有时候机会太好，以至于我们不想错过，于是像邪恶的克尼维尔（Evil Knievel）一样说服自己可以越过20辆公共汽车，结果却 metaphorically 摔得浑身是伤。因此，最近的节目更新得很少，但我们打算在2020年改变这种情况，重新投入到播客的制作中，并弥补失去的时间。我希望我的解释能稍微缓解大家对此的不满，那就是我们确实在未能及时更新播客期间有一些成果可展示；如果你有兴趣，我出版了一本书，许多人一直在询问。大家长久以来都希望能有一本与《硬核历史》相关的文字形式的作品，他们想要文本记录，但我总是说他们想要文本记录的唯一原因是他们从来没有见过文本记录。我看过那些记录，您其实不太想要它们，因为当我阅读这些记录时，我的反应是“天哪，我真的这样说话吗？”
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
But sometimes the opportunities are too good to pass up so you convince yourself like Evil Knievel that you can jump those 20 buses and then you end up breaking every metaphorical bone in your body. So, uh, the shows have been few and far between, we're going to try to change that in 2020, get back on the podcast horse and really make up for lost time. The excuse that I have hopefully mollifies all the feelings you may have about this a little bit and that is that we do have something to show for the time that uh was not spent on the podcast enough; I have a book available if you want it, people have been asking for. A book for a long time they've been asking for any kind of text format for hardcore history and they want transcripts and I always say the only reason they want transcripts is because they've never seen transcripts I've seen them you don't want them the reaction I have when I read the transcripts is holy cow do I really talk like that.
将任何文本翻译成外语时，这些内容都需要以某种书籍形式呈现。我有一本书要推荐给你，书名是《末日来临：从青铜时代的崩溃到核危机》。这本书是在过去一年半的时间里写的，它涉及到很多与我们做播客时相似的研究资料。这些研究资料使得撰写这本书变得更加可行，而不必从头开始。不过，坦白说，其中有些故事的信息自我们制作播客以来已经发生了很大的变化，那时候我们的节目时长很短。例如，我们有一章讲的是青铜时代的崩溃，而我们很久以前做过一个叫《黑暗埋葬青铜时代》的节目。它们之间几乎没有相似之处，因为发生了太多变化。不过，如果你听过我们的所有播客节目，你会发现一些相同的研究材料和叙事手法，但我们将其与这个我模糊感兴趣的主题结合在一起，尽管编辑们迫使我认真面对这些内容，这就像我可以轻松说我书架上有一些拷问书籍，但这并不代表什么。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
So any text form any translation into a foreign language all of this stuff's going to have to be done in some sort of book form and I have a book for you it's called the end is always near apocalyptic moments from the bronze age collapse to nuclear near misses I wrote this over the last year and a half it involves a lot of the same research dna if you will that we use for the podcast it's part of what made that possible right not having to go and start from scratch although to be honest in some of these stories uh the information has changed so much since we did shows on them and it was back in the days when we did really short shows sometimes. So we have a chapter on the bronze age collapse for example and we did a show called darkness buries the bronze age years ago there's no resemblance I mean so much has changed but if you've heard all of our podcasts some of the dna the research material the narrative will be familiar but we tie it in to this subject matter that I kind of vaguely knew I was interested in but the editors forced me to sort of confront in the same way that I can sit there and go sure I have torture books on my bookshelf but that doesn't mean anything.
编辑们建议我坐下来，把我所有的节目整理好，放在地上，然后仔细看看，看看能否找到一些连接所有主题的线索，某种将一切联系在一起的“DNA”。这就像心理学家做墨迹测试一样，当你看到这些时会感叹：“哇，真的是这样。”这包含了所有你所知道和喜爱的事物，比如埋在沙地里的自由女神像、被退回到早期技术水平的文明、艰难时期是否造就坚韧的人等等，所有这些我们热衷探讨的话题。有人曾在我开始写书时给了我一个很好的建议，称任何一本好书都应该有一个像假设一样的论点，然后逐一论证，最后得出结论并坚持这一点。我当时想，“哦，那我麻烦大了”，因为你了解我，对于听“硬核历史”节目的观众来说，那简直太陌生了。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
The editors said why don't you sit down and assemble all your shows on the floor and look at them and find out if you can see any connecting threads right some some dna that ties all of the subject matter together and it's like doing an inkblot test for some psychologist or something you go wow really and it's all the stuff you know and love statue of liberty in the sand civilizations being knocked back to an earlier level of technology do tough times make tough people all the stuff that we sort of revel in and uh somebody told me once when I was starting the book gave me some good advice said any good book should have an argument that you lay out like a hypothesis and then you should argue it and then at the end you should come up with a conclusion and make your point and stand by it and I thought oh man then I'm in real trouble because you know me I mean that would that would be so foreign to the people who listen to the hardcore history show.
作为一名记者，我更倾向于提出问题，而作为历史爱好者，我并不是提供答案的人。因此，这本书聚焦于我所喜爱的问题，以及人们从古希腊哲学家开始甚至更早以来一直在思考的问题。这些是重要的问题，但不一定有明确答案。比如，人类能否驾驭他们的武器系统的威力，这是一个重要却难以回答的问题。然而，探讨它的价值并不会因为没有明显的答案而减少。因此，这本书就是为那些想探究这些问题的人而写的。如果我们制作了这本书的有声版本，由我录制，我很感兴趣听听您的感受，看您是否注意到它与普通播客之间的区别，因为普通播客是完全即兴的，而录制有声书需要字字精准，所以基本上是非常有剧本的。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Because well as a journalist I'm more of a questions kind of person and as a fan of history I'm not going to be your answer kind of person so this book focuses on all those questions that I love and the questions that people have been examining since ancient greek philosophers and way before so they're important questions but they're not necessarily answerable ones. I mean can mankind handle the power of their weapon system that is both an important and unanswerable question but it doesn't make examining it any less valuable because you don't come up with an obvious answer right so the book is that kind of stuff for those who want to know if we did an audiobook version of it we did I recorded it and I would be interested in hearing from those of you who hear it if you notice any difference between it and the normal podcast because the normal podcasts are totally unscripted when I voice the audiobook you have to be word perfect so it's essentially very scripted.
请好奇地探索你更喜欢哪个版本，或者你是否能够发现不同之处。该书将在十月底上市，你现在可以预购。正如我们所说的，终结总是近在咫尺，从青铜时代的崩溃到核危机的侥幸避免。
另一个项目刚刚离开奥斯汀，我认为我们刚刚结束了首个正式活动。它以简化的形式出现在翠贝卡电影节，然后去了奥斯汀。我不知道接下来会去哪里，但请访问warremains.com获取更多信息。我们称之为第一次世界大战的沉浸式记忆。我更喜欢称之为“地狱中的15分钟”。这是一个关于第一次世界大战的虚拟现实体验目的地，在那里我们可以完全控制整个环境，包括由天行者音效团队打造的大型地板扬声器等各类设备。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Be curious to find out which version you prefer or if you even notice a difference the book is available at the end of October you can pre-order it now as we said the end is always near apocalyptic moments from the bronze age collapse to nuclear near misses now the other project just leaving austin I think we just wrapped up it was the first official gig it showed up at the tribeca film festival in a stripped down form then just went to austin I don't know where it's going next but check warremains.com for more info it's our world war one immersive memory is the way we like to call it I like to call it 15 minutes in hell it's the world war one virtual reality destination experience where you go there and the whole environment is controlled by us including the big floor speakers that skywalker sound put together and all those kind of things.
我称之为“15分钟的地狱”，因为他们不允许我叫它“三个半小时的地狱”。首先，那会花费和一部《星球大战》电影一样多的钱。此外，我们有一些健壮的男人在12分钟时就承受不住了，我不太理解，这些人真是胆小鬼，但事实如此。所以可能叫“三个半小时的地狱”会引发某种创伤后应激问题。然而，大家的反馈很棒，我们非常感谢。如果你想了解它何时可能在你附近出现，请访问warremains.com。感谢大家的参与和耐心。老顽固会重新振作，从尘土中爬出来，拍拍灰尘，重新骑上摩托车，可能很快还会推出一场《硬核历史》的附录节目。谢谢大家。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
I call it 15 minutes in hell because they wouldn't let me call it three and a half hours in hell first of all it would cost as much as a star wars movie or something like that the second thing is is that we got big full grown men tapping out sometimes at 12 minutes which I don't understand bunch of wimps but it's true so maybe three and a half hours in hell would be inviting some sort of post-traumatic stress problems nonetheless people went the comments are great we really appreciate it go to warremains.com if you want to stay updated on where it might be appearing near you thank you for going folks thank you for your patience in getting this out old evil's gonna pull himself back out of the dust brush himself off get right back on that motorcycle jump a ravine probably with a hardcore history addendum show real soon thank you everybody.
之前，我们将珍珠港的突袭比作职业摔跤比赛中，一个摔跤手在铃声响之前突然袭击另一位人气很高的摔跤手。故事发展到现在，那个突袭者正在疯狂殴打那位受欢迎的摔跤手。然而，如果你熟悉这类剧本，你会知道那个受欢迎的好人摔跤手终将恢复理智，站起来开始反击。
我曾在真实的拳击比赛中见过这种情况，一名拳手会毫不留情地猛击对手，直到原本处于劣势的拳手突然一击命中，彻底改变整场比赛的局势。那个重击往往让对手震惊，并且余下的比赛里无法恢复之前的状态，比赛的局面和气势全都被扭转。这种情况将在1942年某个灾难性海战日后发生在日本身上。第四部分《东方的超新星》将详细讲述这个转折及更多内容。
▶ 英文原文 ⏱
Coming up earlier we compared the surprise attack at pearl harbor to one professional wrestler attacking another popular good guy wrestler while his back was turned before the bell rings well the part of the story so far has been where the surprise attacker is kicking the popular wrestler senseless but at some point if you know that script the popular good guy will regain their wits stand up and begin to issue payback I've seen this happen in real boxing matches before where one fighter will come out and pummel the other one mercilessly until the losing fighter will land one of those blows that completely changes the complexion of the rest of the fight that stuns the opponent and stays with them they never quite are the same afterwards and it turns the entire tables and momentum and everything well that's what's going to happen to the japanese after a particularly disastrous day at sea in 1942 all that and more in part four of supernova in the east.